Assessment of changes in blood volume in response to resuscitative fluid administration in dogs     

Deborah C. Silverstein  DVM  DACVECC    Janet Aldrich  DVM    Steve C. Haskins  DVM  MS  DACVECC  DACVA    Kenneth J. Drobatz  DVM  MSCE  DACVECC  DACVIM    Larry D. Cowgill  DVM  PhD  DACVIM 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2005,15(3):185-192

Objective: To determine the continuous changes in blood volume in response to fluid administration using an in‐line hematocrit monitor. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Research laboratory. Animals: Four healthy dogs. Interventions: Each dog received intravenous boluses of 80 mL/kg of 0.9% saline (S), 4 mL/kg of 7.5% saline (HS), 20 mL/kg of dextran 70 (D), 20 mL/kg of hetastarch (HES), or no fluids (control, C) on separate occasions. Fluids were administered at 150 mL/min in the S, D, and HES groups, and at 1 mL/kg/min in the HS group. Measurements and main results: Blood volume changes were measured every 20 seconds for 240 minutes using an in‐line hematocrit monitor. There was a rapid rise in blood volume during all infusions. Immediately after the administration of crystalloid fluids, the rapid rise in blood volume ceased. Subsequently, there was a steep decline in blood volume for 10 minutes, and a slower decline thereafter. In contrast, the rise in blood volume continued for at least 10 minutes after the infusion of the colloids was complete, and a plateau was observed for the remainder of the experiment. The blood volume effect, as measured by area under the curve, was significantly greater in the saline group than the other groups during the infusion time and for the 0–240 minutes time period. The areas under the curve for the two colloid solutions were not significantly different from each other during any time periods. The percent increase in blood volume immediately following the infusions was 76.4±10.0 in the S group, 17.1±3.2 in the HS group, 23.0±10.5 in the D group, and 27.2±6.4 in the HES group. At 30 minutes from the start of the infusion, the mean percent increases in blood volumes were 35.2±9.3 in the S group, 12.3±0.9 in the HS group, 35.9±7.3 in the D group, and 36.8±6.5 in the HES group. At 240 h post‐infusion, the mean percent increases in blood volume were 18.0±9.7 in the S group, 2.9±6.1 in the HS group, 25.6±16.1 in the D group, and 26.6±8.6 in the HES group. The C group had a mean percent change in blood volume of ?3.7±3.4 at the end of the experiment. Conclusions: This study indicates that the rapid administration of saline at clinically relevant doses leads to the largest immediate increase in blood volume, although this change is transient because of rapid redistribution of the fluid. Despite a brief increase in blood volume that was almost 3 times the volume administered, hypertonic saline led to the smallest increase in blood volume post‐infusion. The synthetic colloid solutions increased the blood volume by an amount greater than that infused and the effect was sustained for a longer period of time than seen following crystalloid administration, but the maximum increase in blood volume was significantly less than saline. The measurement of continuous changes in blood volume, using an in‐line hematocrit monitor, was a useful means of assessing the dynamic effects of fluid administration in dogs in a research setting.  相似文献   

Biochemical study of resistance to imidacloprid in B biotype Bemisia tabaci from Guatemala   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Byrne FJ  Castle S  Prabhaker N  Toscano NC 《Pest management science》2003,59(3):347-352

Systemic uptake bioassays using excised cotton leaves confirmed resistance to imidacloprid in a Guatemalan population of the tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of naphthyl esterases identified the insects as B-types. Upon collection from the field, resistance was determined to be 58-fold relative to a susceptible strain originating in the Imperial Valley of California. Resistance levels increased to 126-fold in this population during its continuous exposure to systemically treated cotton. In biochemical investigations, there was no detectable NADPH-dependent mixed function oxidase metabolism of 14C-imidacloprid at any time during the selection process. In contrast, microsomal preparations from housefly abdomens readily produced significant amounts of the mono-hydroxy and olefin derivatives of the parent compound. Detoxification of imidacloprid by housefly MFOs may account for reports of lower toxicity of the insecticide towards this insect compared with whiteflies, despite similar binding properties between imidacloprid and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in both species.  相似文献   

Effect of hens fed dietary flaxseed with and without a fatty liver supplement on hepatic,plasma and production characteristics relevant to fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome in laying hens   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Schumann BE  Squires EJ  Leeson S  Hunter B 《British poultry science》2003,44(2):234-244

1. Two long-term experiments were conducted with Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) hens (line UCD-003) predisposed to fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS). The first investigated the effect of adding a fatty liver supplement to the diet of laying hens prior to the onset of lay, and continuing either until peak production or throughout 39 weeks into lay. The second experiment, lasting 9 months into lay, investigated the effect of adding a fatty liver supplement, with or without 100 g/kg dietary ground flaxseed, to the diet. Body weight, feed intake, plasma triglycerides (in experiment 2) and egg production were measured throughout the experiment. Liver weight, liver fat content, liver malondialdehyde (MDA) content and liver haemorrhage score and fatty acid content of liver fat (in experiment 2) were measured at the end of each experiment. 2. In experiment 1, hens given diets containing the fatty liver supplement had higher egg production and eggshell strength, but there was no difference in liver parameters including MDA content or haemorrhage score compared with controls. 3. At the end of experiment 2, hens on 100 g/kg flaxseed diets had lower body weight, liver weight, liver dry matter and fat content, and plasma triglyceride concentrations than hens given the control diets. 4. Liver haemorrhage score was positively correlated with liver weight, but not with liver fat content, plasma triglyceride concentration or liver MDA content. This suggests that reducing the liver lipid content or feeding fatty liver supplements may not be as effective in controlling FLHS as controlling the size of the liver.  相似文献   

Neuronal degeneration in an Irish moiled bull calf     

Irvine R  Borsberry S  Scholes S  Gill JJ 《The Veterinary record》2003,152(18):571

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Effects of administration of antimicrobials in feed on growth rate and feed efficiency of pigs in multisite production systems   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Dritz SS  Tokach MD  Goodband RD  Nelssen JL 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2002,220(11):1690-1695

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate effect of various regimens for administration of antimicrobials in feed on growth rate and feed efficiency (feed/gain) of pigs in multisite production systems. DESIGN: Controlled trial. ANIMALS: 24,099 growing pigs in 3 multisite production systems. PROCEDURE: 10 trials involving various regimens for administration of antimicrobials in feed were evaluated. Trial 1 compared effects of 2 antimicrobial regimens on finishing pig performance. Trials 2 through 10 compared growth rate and feed efficiency of nursery and finishing pigs given antimicrobials in feed with values for control pigs not given antimicrobials. RESULTS: In trial 1, no significant differences were observed between the 2 antimicrobial regimens. In the remaining trials, growth rate of nursery pigs fed antimicrobials was significantly improved, compared with growth rate of control pigs. However, growth rate of finishing pigs and feed efficiency of nursery and finishing pigs were not significantly improved by adding antimicrobials to the feed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that use of antimicrobials in the feed to promote growth should be limited to the nursery phase in multisite pig production systems. Use of antimicrobials in the feed of finishing pigs should be limited to therapeutic applications in which a diagnosis of bacterial infection susceptible to the antimicrobial to be used has been confirmed.  相似文献   

Minimum space allowance for transportation of swine by road          下载免费PDF全文

Whiting TL  Brandt S 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2002,43(3):207-212

Space allowance for animals in transit is a consistent concern in many countries that are developing codes of practice and regulations to assure humane treatment of food producing animals. The minimum space allowance requirements for a broad size range of swine in transit has not been well described or scientifically substantiated. A maximal loading pressure recommendation for pigs weighing from 5 to 250 kg was derived by a consultative process involving the swine transportation industry, animal welfare groups, and a literature review. The recommended maximal loading pressure under ideal conditions for swine loaded in groups can be described as a hoerl model y = (37.53)(0.9969)w(W0.5008), where y = loading pressure in kg body weight/m2 and W = average animal body weight in kilograms.  相似文献   

Effects of menhaden oil and flaxseed in broiler diets on sensory quality and lipid composition of poultry meat   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Gonzalez-Esquerra R  Leeson S 《British poultry science》2000,41(4):481-488

1. Three hundred and thirty 1-d-old male broiler chicks from a commercial strain were allocated to 11 dietary treatments comprising combinations of flaxseed at 100 g/kg and menhaden oil (MO) at 7.5 or 15 g/kg. Birds were given the experimental diets 7 or 14 d prior to slaughter. Carcase omega-3 fatty acid profiles and sensory evaluations of different cooked meat portions were carried out. 2. Linolenic acid was preferentially deposited in dark meat and long chain omega-3 fatty acids in white meat. Breast meat sensory quality was not affected in birds given 100 g/kg flaxseed for 14 d (treatment 3), 7.5 g/kg MO for 14 d (treatment 5) or 100 g/kg flaxseed +0.75 g/kg MO for 7 d (treatment 6). In contrast, thigh meat sensory quality decreased in treatments 5 and 6. 3. Feeding flaxseed and MO to birds for just 7 d prior to slaughter resulted in significant omega-3 meat enrichment depending on their dietary concentrations. The linolenic acid and long chain omega-3 fatty acids showed preferential deposition in dark and white meat, respectively, which may affect the sensory quality of various portions differently.  相似文献   

仔猪的饲养管理策略     

Joel De Rouchey  Mike Tokach  Steve Dritz  彭慧珍  李丽立 《湖南畜牧兽医》2006,(1):25-27

1 前言一个成功的仔猪营养方案的基本准则是： (1)开饲体重尽可能高： (2)尽可能饲喂简单的日粮； (3)着重于幼畜的饲养管理。我们不能忽视猪的初生体重、年龄、饲养管理质量对于整个饲养过程影响的重要性。  相似文献   

Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging as a tool to estimate the mass of the Pectoralis muscle of chickens in vivo     

N. D. Scollan  L.J. Caston  Z. Liu  A.K. Zubair  S. Leeson  B.W. Mcbride 《British poultry science》1998,39(2):221-224

1. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to assess the advantages of the technique in determining the size (volume) and shape of the Pectoralis muscle ( Pectoralis major and minor) in broiler chickens, non-invasively and in vivo . 2. The imaging was performed using a Spectroscopy Imaging System 2.0 Tesla/31 cm bore imaging spectrometer. Three-dimensional reconstruction of transverse images was used to estimate the size of the Pectoralis muscle of chickens ranging in body weight from 362 to 1643 g. 3. Regression analysis resulted in R 2 values of 0.92 and 0.99 for the relationship between Pectoralis muscle weight, body weight and muscle volume, respectively. 4. It is concluded that MRI and 3-dimensional image reconstruction may be used to estimate the Pectoralis muscle size and shape. This may be readily extended to monitor the influence of various factors on the growth and development of specific organs and tissues in the body.  相似文献   

革新水产营养和饲养策略优化有机水产养殖业效益     

John Sweetman  Steve Craig  敖志刚 《广东饲料》2008,17(8):39-40

通过饲喂使用一种独特的可持续生产的，有机认证的蛋白原料的无鱼粉日粮，海虾在一个生长季节可以增重高达23克。这一生产系统包括低饲养密度，自然手段调控微生物食物链，改善环境和动物福利。生产成本显著降低，生产的有机产品的价值提高。  相似文献