Rostral nasopharyngeal CT measurements in Chihuahuas and Pomeranians are smaller than those measured in Dachshunds     

Saffiera Wijsman  Gert ter Haar  Erik den Hertog  Susanne Boroffka 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2023,64(2):201-210

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Das antioxidative System der Fichte: Einflu? von verschiedenen Stre?faktoren     

J. Schittenhelm  S. Westphal  Susanne Toder  E. Wagner 《Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt》1993,112(1):240-250

Die Auswirkungen verschiedener Stre?faktoren auf das antioxidative System wurden in sechsj?hrigen Klonfichten untersucht. überflutung und Dunkelheit hatten nur geringen Einflu?. Im Gegensatz dazu wirkten sich die Stre?faktoren Trockenheit, K?lte, Starklicht und sehr hohe Ozonkonzentrationen stark auf das antioxidative System aus. Die Effekte waren jedoch nicht einheitlich, sondern waren je nach Stre?faktor unterschiedlich. Dies wird als ein Hinweis dafür gewertet, da? die Sch?den bei diesen Stre?faktoren durch unterschiedliche toxische Sauerstoffspezies entstehen und da? sich die Sch?den unter Freilandbedingungen synergistisch verst?rken k?nnen. The effects of different stress factors on the antioxidative system of 6-year-old Norway spruces of the same clone were examined. Flooding and permanent darkness had only minor effects. On the other hand drought, chilling, intense light, and very high ozone concentrations showed strong but distinct consequences. This indicates that the damages by these stress factors are due to different toxic oxygen species, and that the stress factors could produce synergistic damages under natural field conditions.  相似文献   

Dead wood in European beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest reserves   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  

Morten Christensen  Katrine Hahn  Edward P. Mountford  Pter dor  Tibor Standovr  Dusan Rozenbergar  Jurij Diaci  Sander Wijdeven  Peter Meyer  Susanne Winter  Tomas Vrska 《Forest Ecology and Management》2005,210(1-3):267-282

Data were analysed on the volume of dead wood in 86 beech forest reserves, covering most of the range of European beech forests. The mean volume was 130 m³/ha and the variation among reserves was high, ranging from almost nil to 550 m³/ha. The volume depended significantly on forest type, age since reserve establishment and volume of living wood. More dead wood was found in montane (rather than lowland/submontane) reserves, longer-established reserves (time since designation) and reserves with higher volumes of living wood.

On average, fallen dead wood contributed more to the total dead wood volume than standing dead wood. The percentage of dead wood that was standing was almost twice as high in montane than in lowland/submontane forest reserves (45% versus 25%). The volume of dead wood at selected sites changed considerably over time. The fluctuations were significantly higher in lowland/submontane than montane reserves, possibly connected with differences in the disturbance regimes and especially damage caused by windstorms. In NW Europe, the blow down of formerly managed, even-aged stands led to extraordinary high volumes of dead wood shortly after reserve establishment.

The implications for forest management and biodiversity conservation are discussed. An increase in dead wood volumes must be carried out in accordance with the local/regional forest type and disturbance regime. Thus, in order to fulfil the requirements of as many wood-depending organisms as possible, it is important to preserve not only larger amounts of dead wood, but also dead wood of different types and dimensions as well as securing a long-term continuity of dead wood.  相似文献   

Pomegranate ellagitannin-derived metabolites inhibit prostate cancer growth and localize to the mouse prostate gland   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Seeram NP  Aronson WJ  Zhang Y  Henning SM  Moro A  Lee RP  Sartippour M  Harris DM  Rettig M  Suchard MA  Pantuck AJ  Belldegrun A  Heber D 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(19):7732-7737

Our group has shown in a phase II clinical trial that pomegranate juice (PJ) increases prostate specific antigen (PSA) doubling time in prostate cancer (CaP) patients with a rising PSA. Ellagitannins (ETs) are the most abundant polyphenols present in PJ and contribute greatly towards its reported biological properties. On consumption, ETs hydrolyze to release ellagic acid (EA), which is then converted by gut microflora to 3,8-dihydroxy-6H-dibenzo[b, d]pyran-6-one (urolithin A, UA) derivatives. Despite the accumulating knowledge of ET metabolism in animals and humans, there is no available data on the pharmacokinetics and tissue disposition of urolithins. Using a standardized ET-enriched pomegranate extract (PE), we sought to further define the metabolism and tissue distribution of ET metabolites. PE and UA (synthesized in our laboratory) were administered to C57BL/6 wild-type male mice, and metabolite levels in plasma and tissues were determined over 24 h. ET metabolites were concentrated at higher levels in mouse prostate, colon, and intestinal tissues as compared to other tissues after administration of PE or UA. We also evaluated the effects of PE on CaP growth in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice injected subcutaneously with human CaP cells (LAPC-4). PE significantly inhibited LAPC-4 xenograft growth in SCID mice as compared to vehicle control. Finally, EA and several synthesized urolithins were shown to inhibit the growth of human CaP cells in vitro. The chemopreventive potential of pomegranate ETs and localization of their bioactive metabolites in mouse prostate tissue suggest that pomegranate may play a role in CaP treatment and chemoprevention. This warrants future human tissue bioavailability studies and further clinical studies in men with CaP.  相似文献   

New bitter-masking compounds: hydroxylated benzoic acid amides of aromatic amines as structural analogues of homoeriodictyol     

Ley JP  Blings M  Paetz S  Krammer GE  Bertram HJ 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(22):8574-8579

Starting from the known bitter-masking flavanones eriodictyol and homoeriodictyol from herba santa some structurally related hydroxybenzoic acid amides of benzylamines were synthesized and evaluated as masking agents toward bitterness of caffeine by sensory methods. The closest structural relatives of homoeriodictyol, the hydroxybenzoic acid vanillylamides 5-9, were the most active and were able to reduce the bitterness of a 500 mg L(-1) caffeine solution by about 30% at a concentration of 100 mg L(-1). 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid vanillylamide 7 showed a clear dose-dependent activity as inhibitor of the bitter taste of caffein between 5 and 500 mg L(-1). Additionally, it was possible to reduce the bitterness of quinine and salicine but not of the bitter peptide N-l-leucyl-l-tryptophan. Combinations of homoeriodictyol and amide 7 showed no synergistic or antagonistic changes in activity. The results for model compound 7 suggested that the hitherto unknown masking mechanism is probably the same for flavanones and the new amides. In the future, the new amides may be alternatives for the expensive flavanones to create flavor solutions to mask bitterness of pharmaceuticals or foodstuffs.  相似文献   

Zoo and wildlife medical education: a European perspective     

Frölich K  Grabitzky SE  Walzer C  Delahay RJ  Dorrestein GM  Hatt JM 《Journal of veterinary medical education》2006,33(3):401-407

Europe has a long and distinguished history in veterinary science and education, and it was here that the first professional investigations of pathological conditions in zoo animals took place. However, despite an increasing number of veterinarians working with wildlife, education in zoological and wildlife medicine has only recently become part of formal veterinary training at the undergraduate level. Consequently, current educational opportunities in zoological and wildlife medicine vary widely throughout Europe, both in availability and in composition. The need to establish agreed standards in education across Europe and to foster the mobility of students and teaching staff are reflected by international agreements such as the Bologna Treaty and the ERASMUS-SOCRATES program. Europe is also home to a number of voluntary professional organizations, such as the European Wildlife Disease Association and the European Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians, that actively promote the inclusion of zoological and wildlife medicine in veterinary education. Zoo and wildlife medicine is currently a veterinary specialization in Europe, but educational opportunities are likely to increase in availability in the future.  相似文献   

Differential expression of genes encoding CD30L and P-selectin in cattle with Johne's disease: progress toward a diagnostic gene expression signature     

Skovgaard K  Grell SN  Heegaard PM  Jungersen G  Pudrith CB  Coussens PM 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2006,112(3-4):210-224

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Estimating tree species diversity across geographic scales     

Susanne?WinterEmail author  Andreas?B?ck  Ronald?E.?McRoberts 《European Journal of Forest Research》2012,131(2):441-451

The relationship between number of species and area observed has been described using numerous approaches and has been discussed for more than a century. The general objectives of our study were fourfold: (1) to evaluate the behaviour of species–area curves across geographic scales, (2) to determine sample sizes necessary to produce acceptably precise estimates of tree species diversity, (3) to evaluate relationships among estimates of tree species diversity for local to large geographic scales, and (4) to determine whether the proportion of native tree species may be precisely estimated using sample sizes smaller than those necessary to estimate total tree species diversity. Such investigations are necessary to improve biodiversity monitoring at large scales. The analytical approaches included Monte Carlo bootstrap simulations and two geospatial methods and relied on a database populated with data for more than 12,000 national forest inventory plots (NFI) from 16 regional units, 13 European countries and three ecoprovinces of the United States of America (USA). Four primary results were obtained. First, tree species diversity may be precisely estimated using observations for a random subsample of 2,000–4,000 NFI plots. Second, large sample sizes are necessary to estimate tree species diversity for regional units or forest categories, except possibly for boreal forests for which the number of tree species is small. Third, estimates of the proportion of native tree species may be precisely estimated using tree species information for a random sample of approximately 30 NFI plots. Finally, our estimated species–area curves show that the curve shapes and relationships among estimates of tree species diversity at large scales clearly depend on the relative geographic location of the anchor regional unit (a European country or ecoprovince of the USA) relative to the other regional units. None of the well-known models for species–area curves adequately describes our results. The conclusion was that the uncertainties of the estimates reflect the unfavourable state of global biodiversity monitoring of species groups. The total numbers of tree species in our regional units, which cannot be adequately estimated, are small relative to other tree species-rich regions. Consequently, monitoring of tree species diversity is currently a highly uncertain enterprise at large scales.  相似文献   

Global network reorganization during dynamic adaptations of Bacillus subtilis metabolism     

Buescher JM  Liebermeister W  Jules M  Uhr M  Muntel J  Botella E  Hessling B  Kleijn RJ  Le Chat L  Lecointe F  Mäder U  Nicolas P  Piersma S  Rügheimer F  Becher D  Bessieres P  Bidnenko E  Denham EL  Dervyn E  Devine KM  Doherty G  Drulhe S  Felicori L  Fogg MJ  Goelzer A  Hansen A  Harwood CR  Hecker M  Hubner S  Hultschig C  Jarmer H  Klipp E  Leduc A  Lewis P  Molina F  Noirot P  Peres S  Pigeonneau N  Pohl S  Rasmussen S  Rinn B  Schaffer M  Schnidder J  Schwikowski B  Van Dijl JM  Veiga P  Walsh S  Wilkinson AJ  Stelling J  Aymerich S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,335(6072):1099-1103

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The development of C₄rice: current progress and future challenges     

von Caemmerer S  Quick WP  Furbank RT 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,336(6089):1671-1672

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