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2. Both cephalosporins and all the nine penicillins tested were active.
3. Of six aminoglycosides, streptomycin and gentamicin had the greatest activity and neomycin had none.
4. Growth rate was significantly improved by clindamycin, lincomycin, vancomycin, spectinomycin, rifampicin, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, erythromycin, tylosin, flavomycin, virginiamycin and zinc bacitracin. Chloramphenicol and nalidixic acid were inactive. Polymixin B, novo‐biocin, cycloserine, phosphonomycin, and sodium fusidate had little activity. Fusidic acid promoted growth at 250 mg/kg diet.
5. Trimethoprim was inactive alone and in combination with sulpha‐diazine. Of seven 5‐nitroimidazoles, only dimetridazole and metronidazole showed slight activity. Of the six 5‐nitrofurans, only nitrovin, the standard reference substance used, promoted growth.
6. Caprylohydroxamic acid, a urease inhibitor, had no beneficial effect on growth rate or on the efficiency of food conversion.
7. The growth‐promoting properties of the various substances could not be related with their known antimicrobial and absorption characteristics in mammals. 相似文献
2. Birds in conventional deep cages were more active than those in shallow cages in each of four different periods of day. Activity reached a peak between 11.00 and 13.00 h irrespective of cage shape.
3. Mean feeding activity was greater in the shallow (45.6%) than in the conventional deep cages (39.9%).
4. Mean feeding activity was greater in birds fed ad libitum (43.3%) than in those fed on a restricted diet (40.4%).
5. Although restricted birds in shallow cages showed more feeding activity than those in conventional deep cages they consumed less food (56% against 67%) in the 7 h between supply of their daily ration and the onset of the dark period.
6. Feather damage was greater in the conventional deep cages than in the shallow cages.
7. The more efficient utilisation of food by hens in shallow cages is probably due largely to three factors: reduced levels of motor activity and general disturbance, a more leisurely eating pattern and better feather cover. 相似文献
2. Liver fat, carcass fat, liver weight and body weight increased markedly at the onset of sexual maturity.
3. Within the liver, the protein to DNA ratio did not alter significantly during development; glycogen was not consistently depleted by egg production.
4. Liver fat content was significantly correlated with carcass fat, liver weight and DNA concentration, and plasma total lipid and cholesterol, independent of stage of development; with body weight, liver protein, moisture, and protein to DNA ratio, excluding the period prior to commencement of sexual maturation; and with plasma phospholipid during lay.
5. Obesity was a feature of faster growing fowls which matured earlier, consumed more, utilised food less efficiently for egg production and produced fewer saleable eggs. 相似文献
2. Agonistic interactions were both more numerous and more severe (fights and peck avoidances) in groups of the local breed than in those of Rhode Island Reds.
3. The outcome of severe interactions favoured local males and Rhode Island females in the first experiment and Rhode Island males in the second.
4. Small body and comb size might account for the relatively high number of agonistic interactions and the submissiveness of local females and young males while physical strength or some other breed characteristic might account for the high number of agonistic interactions of local males as well as their dominance in breed encounters. 相似文献
2. When this treated meal was fed to susceptible ("tainting") hens the concentration of trimethylamine in the eggs was decreased to much less than that required to cause taint. 相似文献
2. The dietary treatments had no significant effect upon food intake, egg output, shell thickness, shell deformation or specific gravity of the eggs.
3. The 28‐h cycle reduced mean rate of lay by 4.5%, increased egg weight by 5.8% and increased shell thickness by 9.4%. The proportion of eggs with shell faults revealed on candling was reduced from 4.1 % to 2.8%.
4. It is concluded from this and other sources that decreasing dietary phosphorus or modifying vitamin D supplements may sometimes lead to increases in shell thickness of the order of 1 to 2%, but that these changes are unlikely to result in a measurable reduction in the proportion of cracked eggs late in the laying year.
5. A 28‐h light‐dark cycle results in a longer and more uniform interval between consecutive ovipositions and thus gives reliable increases in shell thickness which are large enough to reduce the proportion of cracked eggs in many practical situations. Whether it is profitable to use an ahemeral cycle will depend upon the relative prices paid for eggs of different sizes. 相似文献
2. The responses of birds pretreated as described above to a single injection of corticotrophin (30 IU/kg) were determined.
3. A similar degree of hyperglycaemia had developed in both groups after 2 h but thereafter the responses differed: the concentration of plasma glucose did not increase further in those pretreated with corticotrophin and had begun to decrease at 6 h, whereas that of the birds pretreated with saline increased progressively.
4. The concentrations of plasma corticosterone had increased similarly in the two groups to a peak at 2 h but there was a significantly more rapid decrease in the birds pretreated with corticotrophin.
5. Both groups showed a transient hypercholesteraemia but the increase was significant only in the group that had previously received saline.
6. There were decreases in the concentrations of adrenal cholesterol in both groups. The decrease, in absolute terms, was 2–4 times greater in the group receiving corticotrophin for the first time: percentage changes were similar, however. 相似文献