Der Einfluß von Fungiziden auf den insektenpathogenen PilzBeauveria brongniartii (SACC.) PETCH     

S. Keller  B. Pärli  M. Lujan  C. Schweizer 《Journal of pest science》1993,66(6):108-114

Zusammenfassung Zur Prüfung der Frage, ob Obstbaufungizide den zur Engerlingsbekämpfung eingesetzten PilzBeauveria brongniartii beeinträchtigen, untersuchten wir 17 Fungizide. In Versuchen auf Nährmedien hemmten Funginex (Triforin), Recop (Kupferoxichlorid), Rondo (Captan + Pyrifenox), Systhane (Captan + Myclobutanil) und Topas (Captan + Penconazol) bei empfohlener Anwendungskonzentration das Pilzwachstum vollständig. Bei 10facher Verdünnung war dies einzig noch bei Rondo der Fall. Die Keimung von Konidien war verhindert, wenn sie auf Nährböden gebildet wurden, die Baycor (Captan + Bitertanol), Captan, Euparene (Dichlofluanid), Nustar + Delan (Flusilazol + Dithianon), Ridomil F (Mancozeb + Metalaxyl) in empfohlener Konzentration enthielten oder Systhane 10fach verdünnt. Das Wachstum des Pilzes auf Erde, die mit Fungiziden besprüht war, zeigte nur geringe Unterschiede zwischen den Verfahren. Auf nativer Erde waren sie deutlicher als auf steriler. Auf beiden Erden hemmten Baycor und Rondo das Pilzwachstum am stärksten. Das aus den Erdversuchen stammende Pilzmaterial erzeugte im Biotest mit Engerlingen Mortalitäten zwischen 70 und 100%. Baycor, Captan, Nustar + Delan, Rondo und Topas verursachten die geringsten Mortalitäten. Die Nebenwirkungen bei den naturnahen Testmethoden (Erd- und Biotest) werden als gering eingestuft. In den Obstanlagen ist die Situation für den Pilz noch wesentlich günstiger. Es wird daraus geschlossen, daß die geprüften Fungizide in der Praxis keine wesentlichen Nebenwirkungen aufB. brongniartii haben können. Vorbehalte sind angebracht, wo schwer abbaubare Triazole relativ häufig eingesetzt werden oder wo eine Anreicherung mit Kupfer stattgefunden hat.

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Influence of fungicides on the insect pathogenic fungusBeauveria brongniartii (SACC.). PETCH

We tested 17 fungicides to check the hypothesis whether they could interfere withB. brongniartii applied in orchards to control the larvae of the cockchaferMelolontha melolontha L. (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). Incorporated into Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) at the recommended concentration the fungicides Funginex (Triforin), Recop (Cu-oxychlorid), Rondo (Captan + Pyrifenox), Systhane (Captan + Myclobutanil) and Topas (Captan + Penconazol) completely inhibited mycelical growth, Rondo even at a 10 fold dilution. Germination of conidia did not take place when they were produced on SDA incorporated with Baycor (Captan + Bitertanol), Captan, Euparene (Dichlofluanid), Nustar + Delan (Flusilazol + Dithianon), Ridomil F (Mancozeb + Metalaxyl) at the recommended rate or Systhane (10 fold diluted). Growth of the fungus on barley kernels (commercial preparation) on soils sprayed with fungicides showed smaller differences. They were more marked on native soil than on sterile one. On both soils, Baycor and Rondo reduced fungal growth more than the other fungicides. The fungal material from these soil tests was used in bioassays where they caused mortalities between 70 and 100%. Baycor, Captan, Nustar + Delan, Rondo and Topas induced the lowest mortalities. These side effects on semi-field tests are considered as insignificant. In orchards the situation for the fungus is much more favourable, because it is applied at a soil depth of some centimeters and direct contact with the fungicides is excluded. It is therefore concluded that the tested fungicides have no significant side effects onB. brongniartii under practical conditions. Exceptions might, however, are indicated where slowly degradable triazoles are applied repeatedly or in soils accumulated with copper.

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Water,salt and nutrient fluxes of tropical tidal salt flats   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Ridd  Peter  Sam  Renagi  Hollins  Suzanne  Brunskill  Gregg 《Mangroves and Salt Marshes》1997,1(4):229-238

The water budget of a tropical tidal salt flat in dry tropical Australia has been studied with particular emphasis on estimating the groundwater fluxes. Salt was used as a passive tracer to determine some of these fluxes. Groundwater salt accumulation (or loss) was less than 1 kg/m³/month. Surface water leaving the flat at a higher salt concentration than flood water causes a net outwelling of salt of between 0.4 and 1 kg/m²/month. Evaporation from the salt flat was estimated to be 70 mm/month. Using these measurements and a simple model of the groundwater flows, it is concluded that the groundwater loss is less than 40 mm/month. The accuracy of the salt budget was insufficient to rule out the possibility that the net groundwater motion was upwards. Measurements of Si and PO_{_4} fluxes indicated that the net outwelling due to surface water flows were respectively 3 mmole/m²/month and 0.014 mmole/m²/month. A net groundwater loss of 10 mm would produce a similar magnitude outwelling due to groundwater discharge. The mangrove-fringed tropical tidal salt flats are the source of large quantities of nutrients that are released to the near-shore zone.  相似文献   

Innovation Processes in Forest-related Recreation Services: The Role of Public and Private Resources in Different Institutional Backgrounds     

Gerhard Weiss  Suzanne Martin  Anne Matilainen  Birger Vennesland  Carmen Nastase  Erlend Nybakk  Laura Bouriaud 《Small-Scale Forestry》2007,6(4):423-442

This article examines innovation processes in forest recreational services on the basis of case studies in five European countries with differing institutional backgrounds of forest ownership and access rights. The analysis reveals that forest-related recreation services are developed under varying institutional conditions and on public as well as private land. Ideas for innovations in recreational services may come from within but often outside the forestry sector. Financing is provided from public and private sources. Both public and private spheres have important roles in providing natural, human and financial resources and usually a network of public and private actors are involved in innovation processes. Of particular importance are cross-sectoral interactions between forestry and tourism. Greater institutional support is needed for the development of forest-related recreation services because the field is at an early stage of development. It is concluded that support should focus on providing ideas and financial resources for product development and on facilitating cross-sectoral interaction between forestry and tourism actors. A particular need is seen for development of models for durable interaction between land owners and tourism operators on a regional scale.  相似文献   

Sorghum bran in the diet dose dependently increased the excretion of catechins and microbial-derived phenolic acids in female rats     

Gu L  House SE  Rooney L  Prior RL 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(13):5326-5334

Sorghum bran is concentrated with procyanidins (predominately polymers), which may be beneficial for health in humans; however, the bioavailability of procyanidins is not well-understood. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed an AIN93G diet containing 0, 5, 10, 20, or 40% Hi-tannin sorghum bran (n = 5-7 for each group) for 50 days. Sorghum bran contained 23.3 mg/g of procyanidins. The urinary excretions of catechin, epicatechin, methylated catechins, and phenolic acids were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Sorghum bran dose dependently increased the urinary excretion of catechin (0-2.2 nmol/day) and 3'-O-methylcatechin (0-9.5 nmol/day). Their serum concentrations also increased with dose (range of 0-14 nM for 3'-O-methylcatechin). Among the 14 phenolic acids analyzed, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid dominated in the serum (1.8-8 micromol/L). In the urine, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid dominated and their excretion increased significantly with the level of sorghum bran in the diet. The summed phenolic acid excretion was 0.8 micromol/day in the control group and increased to 23 micromol/day for 40% sorghum bran group. The hippuric acid excretion ranged from 2.2 to 16.2 micromol/day and peaked in the 10% sorghum bran group. On the basis of chromic oxide, a nonabsorbable marker, total procyanidins and polymers disappeared progressively, and significant degradation occurred in the cecum and colon. Catechins and procyanidins in sorghum were bioavailable; however, bacteria-derived phenolic acids were the predominant metabolites of procyanidins. Procyanidins degraded in the gastrointestinal tract. Depolymerization was not observed.  相似文献   

Isoflavone glycitein diminished plasma cholesterol in female golden Syrian hamsters     

Lee SO  Renouf M  Ye Z  Murphy PA  Hendrich S 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(26):11063-11067

The soybean isoflavones, daidzein, genistein, and glycitein, were hypothesized to act as cholesterol-lowering components, separate from soy protein. Pure synthetic daidzein, genistein, or glycitein (0.9 mmol/kg diet) or a casein-based control diet was fed to groups of 10 female Golden Syrian hamsters for 4 weeks. Hamsters fed glycitein had significantly lower plasma total (by 15%) and non-HDL (by 24%) cholesterol compared with those fed casein (P<0.05). Daidzein and genistein's effects on these lipids did not differ from the effects of either casein or glycitein. Plasma HDL cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were not significantly affected by dietary treatments. The percentage of urinary recovery of the ingested dose of each isoflavone was glycitein>daidzein>genistein (33.2%, 4.6%, 2.2%, respectively), with the apparent absorption of glycitein significantly greater than that of the other isoflavones. These data suggest that glycitein's greater cholesterol-lowering effect was due to its greater bioavailability, as reflected in its urinary recovery compared with that of the other isoflavones.  相似文献   

Production of a D-glycero-D-manno-heptosyltransferase mutant of Mannheimia haemolytica displaying a veterinary pathogen specific conserved LPS structure; development and functionality of antibodies to this LPS structure     

Logan SM  Chen W  Aubry A  Gidney MA  Lacelle S  St Michael F  Kuolee R  Higgins M  Neufeld S  Cox AD 《Veterinary microbiology》2006,116(1-3):175-186

Previous structural studies of the lipopolysaccharides from the veterinary pathogens Mannheimia haemolytica (Mh), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (Ap) and Pasteurella multocida (Pm) had identified a conserved inner core oligosaccharide structure that was present in all strains investigated. In order to examine the potential of this inner core structure as a vaccine, a mutagenesis strategy was adopted to interrupt a D-glycero-D-manno-heptosyltransferase gene (losB) of Mh. This gene encodes the enzyme responsible for the addition of a D-glycero-D-manno-heptose residue, the first residue beyond the conserved inner core, and its inactivation exposed the conserved inner core structure as a terminal unit on the mutant LPS molecule. Subsequent analyses confirmed the targeted structure of the mutant LPS had been obtained, and complementation with losB in trans confirmed that the losB gene encodes an alpha-1,6-D-glycero-D-manno-heptosyltransferase. Monoclonal antibodies raised in mice to this LPS structure were found to recognise LPS and whole-cells of the truncated mutant and wild-type Mh. The antibodies were bactericidal against a wild-type Mh strain and were able to passively protect mice in a model of Mh disease. This illustrates that it is possible to raise functional antibodies against the conserved inner core LPS structure.  相似文献   

Characterization of a Novel Resistant‐Starch and Its Effects on Postprandial Plasma‐Glucose and Insulin Responses     

Jovin Hasjim  Sun‐Ok Lee  Suzanne Hendrich  Stephen Setiawan  Yongfeng Ai  Jay‐lin Jane 《Cereal Chemistry》2010,87(4):257-262

Objectives of this study were to understand the physicochemical properties of a novel resistant starch (RS) made by complexing high‐amylose maize starch VII (HA7) with palmitic acid (PA), and its effects on reducing postprandial plasma‐glucose and insulin responses. The HA7 starch was heat‐treated and debranched using isoamylase (ISO) to enhance the starch‐lipid complex formation. The RS content of the HA7 starch debranched with ISO and complexed with PA (HA7+ISO+PA) was 52.7% determined using AOAC Method 991.43 for dietary fiber, which was greater than that of the HA7 control (35.4%). The increase in the RS content of the HA7+ISO+PA sample was attributed to the formation of retrograded debranched‐starch and starch‐lipid complex. The postprandial plasma‐glucose and insulin responses of 20 male human‐subjects after ingesting bread made from 60% (dry basis) HA7+ISO+PA were reduced to 55 and 43%, respectively, when compared with those after ingesting control white bread (as 100%) containing the same amount of total carbohydrates. The results suggested that the HA7+ISO+PA can be used for the interventions of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, including diabetes and obesity.  相似文献   

Evolution and functional impact of rare coding variation from deep sequencing of human exomes     

Tennessen JA  Bigham AW  O'Connor TD  Fu W  Kenny EE  Gravel S  McGee S  Do R  Liu X  Jun G  Kang HM  Jordan D  Leal SM  Gabriel S  Rieder MJ  Abecasis G  Altshuler D  Nickerson DA  Boerwinkle E  Sunyaev S  Bustamante CD  Bamshad MJ  Akey JM;Broad GO;Seattle GO;NHLBI Exome Sequencing Project 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,337(6090):64-69

As a first step toward understanding how rare variants contribute to risk for complex diseases, we sequenced 15,585 human protein-coding genes to an average median depth of 111× in 2440 individuals of European (n = 1351) and African (n = 1088) ancestry. We identified over 500,000 single-nucleotide variants (SNVs), the majority of which were rare (86% with a minor allele frequency less than 0.5%), previously unknown (82%), and population-specific (82%). On average, 2.3% of the 13,595 SNVs each person carried were predicted to affect protein function of ~313 genes per genome, and ~95.7% of SNVs predicted to be functionally important were rare. This excess of rare functional variants is due to the combined effects of explosive, recent accelerated population growth and weak purifying selection. Furthermore, we show that large sample sizes will be required to associate rare variants with complex traits.  相似文献   

Sucrose efflux mediated by SWEET proteins as a key step for phloem transport     

Chen LQ  Qu XQ  Hou BH  Sosso D  Osorio S  Fernie AR  Frommer WB 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,335(6065):207-211

Plants transport fixed carbon predominantly as sucrose, which is produced in mesophyll cells and imported into phloem cells for translocation throughout the plant. It is not known how sucrose migrates from sites of synthesis in the mesophyll to the phloem, or which cells mediate efflux into the apoplasm as a prerequisite for phloem loading by the SUT sucrose-H(+) (proton) cotransporters. Using optical sucrose sensors, we identified a subfamily of SWEET sucrose efflux transporters. AtSWEET11 and 12 localize to the plasma membrane of the phloem. Mutant plants carrying insertions in AtSWEET11 and 12 are defective in phloem loading, thus revealing a two-step mechanism of SWEET-mediated export from parenchyma cells feeding H(+)-coupled import into the sieve element-companion cell complex. We discuss how restriction of intercellular transport to the interface of adjacent phloem cells may be an effective mechanism to limit the availability of photosynthetic carbon in the leaf apoplasm in order to prevent pathogen infections.  相似文献   

Estimation of genetic parameters and gains for color traits of strawberry     

Tomas Hasing  Luis F. Osorio  Vance M. Whitaker 《Euphytica》2012,185(2):303-311

Cassava is an important food security crop in the developing world, as it is adapted to a wide range of climatic conditions including marginal semi-arid agro-ecologies. Cassava is a starchy staple and the storage roots of commercial cassava cultivar are very low in protein content (0.5–2%, dry weight basis). A diet predominantly based on cassava, as is the case in several sub-Saharan countries, could lead to malnutrition, especially in young children over time. A wild progenitor of cassava, Manihot esculenta ssp. flabellifolia have been found to have high root protein content, up to 18% (dry weight basis) and is excellent source of genetic variability for this important trait. Accessions of M. esculenta ssp. flabellifolia with high storage root protein content were crossed with commercial cassava cultivars. High content of storage root protein ranged from 2.87 to 11.25% could be recovered in the F₁ progenies. The F₁ families had an average dry matter content of 29.6%. These F₁ interspecific hybrids would be an entry point for improvement of cassava storage root protein content. A brief discussion of the strategy to be followed is presented.  相似文献