Influence of distance to forest edges on natural regeneration of abandoned pastures: a case study in the tropical mountain rain forest of Southern Ecuador     

Sven Günter  Michael Weber  Robert Erreis  Nikolay Aguirre 《European Journal of Forest Research》2007,126(1):67-75

In spite of its high diversity the forests in Southern Ecuador are highly endangered by deforestation. One of the main reasons for the loss of forests is the conversion into pastures. Due to their fast degradation, the pastures are abandoned after several years and form an increasing area of unproductive land. The remoteness from existing forest edges is discussed as one reason for the very slow natural reforestation of these areas. In this study we analyzed the regeneration of a secondary forest after approx. 38 years of succession in relation to the distance from the surrounding forest. We revealed that regeneration was rather slow. Especially larger trees with dbh > 10 cm were very scarce. Only Dioicodendron dioicum, Graffenrieda emarginata and Clusia sp. achieved larger diameters. The basal area of the secondary forest is still far beyond the original level in the primary forest. The number of species on plot level and the Shannon index were significantly lower in the secondary forest compared to the primary forest. The total number of species decreased from 47 to 31 with increasing distance from the forest edge and the similarity of species composition to the upper story declined to a level of 56.4 (Sörensen). Alzatea verticillata, Macrocarpea revoluta and Palicourea andaluciana had significantly higher abundances in the succession stages than in the natural forest. The most abundant species in all regeneration plots, G. emarginata and Purdiea nutans, seem to be generalists as they did not show preference either to natural forest or successional stages.  相似文献   

Effects of transformation processes on plant species richness and diversity in homegardens of the Nuba Mountains,Sudan     

Martin Wiehle  Sven Goenster  Jens Gebauer  Seifeldin Ali Mohamed  Andreas Buerkert  Katja Kehlenbeck 《Agroforestry Systems》2014,88(3):539-562

Traditional homegardens (HGs) are considered to harbor high levels of plant diversity and have been therefore characterized as sustainable agro-ecosystems suitable for on-farm (incl. circa situm) conservation of plant genetic resources. While the functional structure of traditional HGs is poorly understood specifically for semi-arid and arid regions, their plant species richness and diversity is increasingly threatened by recent and fast evolving agricultural transformation processes. This has been particularly claimed for traditional jubraka HG systems of Sudan. Therefore, sixty-one HGs in four villages of the Nuba Mountains, South-Kordofan Province, Sudan, were randomly selected, geographically recorded and plant richness and abundance determined and plant diversity parameters calculated. In addition, socio-economic household data were assessed by interviews and soil samples taken to allow a comprehensive analysis of putative factors affecting HG plant diversity across different villages, levels of commercialization and plant species composition based clusters. A total of 110 species from 35 plant families were grown in the HGs along with 71 ornamentals. Perennial species accounted for 57 % including 12 indigenous fruit tree (IFT) species and six exotic fruit tree species. Mean species richness of useful plant species (excluding ornamentals) per HG was 23 (range 6–46). On average, 41 % of the 23 species per HG were of exotic origin, however, with a large range (21–83 %) among locations. Mean diversity and evenness indices were 1.46 (range 0.49–2.42) and 0.48 (0.15–0.87), respectively. The level of commercialization of HGs only marginally affected species diversity measures although the species richness was significantly higher for commercial than subsistence HGs. Species richness was higher on lower (6.6–7.2) pH soils. IFT richness was highly variable, but non-significantly different across the four locations. Plant species richness and diversity was high in comparison with other HG systems in semi-arid regions. Cluster analysis was found to be a valuable tool to classify HGs and to extract homogeneous HG types with low, intermediate and high richness and diversity. In addition, the share of exotic and ornamental species in HGs indicated a trend towards the loss of traditional farming practices, particularly in areas with good market access. The data did not indicate the hypothesized loss of inter-specific diversity due to commercialization and species richness was numerically even higher for market-oriented HGs compared to subsistence ones.  相似文献   

Analysis of blood gases,serum fat and serum protein: a new approach to estimate survival chances of stranded Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) pups from the German North Sea     

Katharina A Witte  J?rg Driver  Tanja Rosenberger  Sven Adler  Ursula Siebert 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2014,56(1):10

Background

Facing numerous challenges, such as illness, storms or human disturbance, some harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) pups lose contact to their dams and are found abandoned along the North Sea coast. In Schleswig-Holstein, pups with the prospect of surviving rehabilitation are admitted to the Seal Center Friedrichskoog. Despite elaborate clinical health assessments on admission, including differential hematology, in 2010, 17% of 108 admitted pups did not survive the first 20 days. The death rate during the years 2006 and 2009 varied between 9 and 19%. To broaden the spectrum of variables which could be predictive for survival, blood gas and serum analyses were performed for 99 pups using venous blood. Variables included total CO₂, pH, partial CO₂, HCO₃^–, base excess and anion gap as well as glucose, urea nitrogen, sodium, potassium and chloride. Moreover, total serum protein and fat (triglyceride) concentrations were measured for all pups on admission.

Results

Repeated measurements of 12 randomly selected individuals revealed a significant (p = 0.002) positive influence of time in rehabilitation on triglyceride concentrations. This trend probably shows the improvement of the pups’ nutritional status as a consequence of the shift from milk replacer formula to fish. No such positive influence was detected for total protein concentrations though. Hematologic values, including blood gases, were not predictive for survival.

Conclusions

For the first time blood gas values are reported in this study for a large sample size (N = 99) of seal pups (regardless of their health status). The ranges and medians calculated from the data can serve as a stepping stone towards the establishment of reference values for neonate harbor seals. However, future investigations on the development of blood gases in harbor seals with different health conditions and ages over time are necessary to allow for a better understanding of acid–base regulation in harbor seals.  相似文献   

Recurrent fusion of TMPRSS2 and ETS transcription factor genes in prostate cancer     

Tomlins SA  Rhodes DR  Perner S  Dhanasekaran SM  Mehra R  Sun XW  Varambally S  Cao X  Tchinda J  Kuefer R  Lee C  Montie JE  Shah RB  Pienta KJ  Rubin MA  Chinnaiyan AM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,310(5748):644-648

  相似文献   

Brassica sect.Brassica (Brassicaceae)     

Roland von Bothmer  Mats Gustafsson  Sven Snogerup 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1995,42(2):165-178

Summary An extensive crossing program including 10 wild taxa and 23 accessions representing 6 major cultivated forms and landraces of theBrassica oleracea group was carried out. Data for crossability, germination, viability, fertility inF ₁ andF ₂ were studied as well as the meiotic chromosomal pairing inF ₁ hybrids in some combinations. The fertility of hybrids between all cultivated forms and wild populations ofB. oleracea was high and it was concluded that all, including the Chinese endemicalboglabra form, belong to the same biological species. Among the other species,B. macrocarpa, B. montana, andB. rupestris had the lowest andB. cretica the highest fertility values in crosses with cultivated forms. The crossing data do not give any further information as to the genetic differentiation ofB. oleracea during the course of domestication. Introgression between wild and cultivated forms has probably occurred frequently. All members of theB. oleracea cytodeme belong to the primary and secondary gene pools of the 18 chromosomic crops and are as such of great importance for breeding purposes.  相似文献   

Nematode community structure as indicator of soil functioning in European grassland soils   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Klemens Ekschmitt  Gabor Bakonyi  Marina Bongers  Tom Bongers  Sven Bostrm  Hülya Dogan  Andrew Harrison  Pter Nagy  Anthony G. ODonnell  Efimia M. Papatheodorou  Bjrn Sohlenius  George P. Stamou  Volkmar Wolters 《European Journal of Soil Biology》2001,37(4)

This investigation analyses whether soil nematode diversity is correlated with soil functional parameters to serve as bioindicator of soil functioning. The analysis focuses on the interrelations of nematofauna, microflora, and soil nitrogen pools. The sites studied represent six major European grassland types: Northern tundra, atlantic heath, wet grassland, seminatural temperate grassland, East European steppe, and mediterranean garigue. Continental and local climate gradients were combined to a wide and continuous range of microclimate conditions. Nematode richness, as indicated by the number of genera, was highest under temperate conditions and declined towards the climatic extremes. Differences in richness affected all nematode feeding types proportionally. Nematode richness was the only parameter among a range of 15 alternatives tested that exhibited consistent correlations with mass and activity parameters of both nematofauna and microflora in the mineral grassland soils (garigue, wet grassland, seminatural grassland, steppe). In the same soils, the nematode Maturity Index was the best indicator of nitrogen status. We conclude that a high nematode richness can generally be seen as a good indicator of an active nematofauna and microflora in mineral grassland soils, and hence as an indicator of the decomposition function. The prospects of exploiting nematode diversity as an indicator of soil functioning are critically discussed.  相似文献   

Geo‐Pedogenese mariner Rohmarschen Spiekeroogs     

Luise Giani  Vera Ahrens  Oliver Duntze  Sven Kruse Irmer 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2003,166(3):370-378

Geo‐pedogenesis of Salic Fluvisols on the North Sea island of Spiekeroog Although the mainland's Salic Fluvisols of the southern North Sea coast are rich in carbonate, those of the adjacent island Spiekeroog are not. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the Salic Fluvisols of Spiekeroog in comparison to those of the mainland and to find out the reasons for the lack of carbonate, which was supposed to be an interaction between sedimentation and sulfur dynamics. The vegetation, many physical and chemical properties (e.g. pH, C_org, salinity, Fe_od, exchangeable cations, CEC) of the Spiekeroog Fluvisols are similar to those of the mainland. However, the Spiekeroog soil profiles extended over the marsh sediments, and the sand sediments below and they contained more silt and less clay and carbonate (0.3 – 34.5 g kg^–1) than the soils of the mainland. A survey proved carbonate‐free areas. The relatively moderate S dynamics showed a spatial and temporal stabile SO₄‐S‐fraction (0.3 – 0.6 mg g^–1), a fairly stabile HNO₃‐HCl‐S fraction (1.5 – 2.9 mg g^–1), but a variable HCl‐S fraction. The vertical Cs‐137 distribution showed peaks at 3 – 4 and 7 – 8 cm soil depth, indicating sedimentation rates of 0.2 – 0.5 cm a^–1. The results showed that moderate S dynamics lead to carbonate losses which are not compensated because of low sedimentation rates. Consequently, the Spiekeroog Salic Fluvisols will enter the terrestrial phase of soil development without carbonate. Thus, besides the usual pedogenesis of Eutric Fluvisols via Salic and Calcaric Fluvisols, the investigation proved a direct development from Salic to Eutric Fluvisols.  相似文献   

Consequences of sodium exclusion for the osmotic potential in the rhizosphere – Comparison of two maize cultivars differing in Na+ uptake     

Doris Vetterlein  Katharina Kuhn  Sven Schubert  Reinhold Jahn 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2004,167(3):337-344

According to the biphasic model of growth response to salinity, growth is first reduced by a decrease in the soil osmotic potential (Ψ_o), i.e., growth reduction is an effect of salt outside rather than inside the plant, and genotypes differing in salt resistance respond identically in this first phase. However, if genotypes differ in Na⁺ uptake as it has been described for the two maize cultivars Pioneer 3906 and Across 8023, this should result in differences in Na⁺ concentrations in the rhizosphere soil solution and thus in the concentration of salt outside the plant. It was the aim of the present investigation to test this hypothesis and to investigate the effect of such potential differences in soil Ψ_o caused by Na⁺ exclusion on plant water relations. Sodium exclusion at the root surface of intact plants growing in soil was investigated by sampling soil solution from the rhizosphere of two maize cultivars (Across 8023, Pioneer 3906). Plants were grown in a model system, consisting of a root compartment separated from the bulk soil compartment by a nylon net (30 μm mesh size), which enabled independent measurements of the change of soil solution composition and soil water content with increasing distance from the root surface (nylon net). Across 8023 accumulated higher amounts of sodium in the shoot compared to the excluder (Pioneer 3906). The lower Na⁺ uptake in the excluder was partly compensated by higher K⁺ uptake. Pioneer 3906 not only excluded sodium from the shoot but also restricted sodium uptake more efficiently from roots relative to Across 8023. This was reflected by higher Na⁺ concentrations in the rhizosphere soil solution of the excluder 34 days after planting (DAP). The difference in Na⁺ concentration in rhizosphere soil solution between cultivars was neither due to differences in transpiration and thus in mass flow, nor due to differences in actual soil water content. As the lower Na⁺ uptake of the excluder (Pioneer 3906) was only partly compensated by increased uptake of K⁺, soil Ψ_o in the rhizosphere of the excluder was more negative compared to Across 8023. However, no significant negative effect of decreased soil Ψ_o on plant water relations (transpiration rate, leaf Ψ_o, leaf water potential, leaf area) could be detected. This may be explained by the fact that significant differences in soil Ψ_o between the two cultivars occurred only towards the end of the experiment (27 DAP, 34 DAP).  相似文献   

Medium‐ and short‐term available organic matter,microbial biomass,and enzyme activities in soils under Pinus sylvestris L. and Robinia pseudoacacia L. in a sandy soil in NE Saxony,Germany     

Dirk Landgraf  Sven Wedig  Susanne Klose 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2005,168(2):193-201

Total, mobile, and easily available C and N fractions, microbial biomass, and enzyme activities in a sandy soil under pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) stands were investigated in a field study near Riesa, NE Germany. Samples of the organic layers (Oi and Oe‐Oa) and the mineral soil (0–5, 5–10, 10–20, and 10–30 cm) were taken in fall 1999 and analyzed for their contents of organic C and total N, hot‐water‐extractable organic C and N (HWC and HWN), KCl‐extractable organic C and N (C_org(KCl) and N_org(KCl)), NH ‐N and NO ‐N, microbial‐biomass C and N, and activities of β‐glucosidase and L‐asparaginase. With exception of the HWC, all investigated C and N pools showed a clear response to tilling, which was most pronounced in the Oi horizon. Compared to soils under pine, those under black locust had higher contents of medium‐ and short‐term available C (HWC, C_org(KCl)) and N (HWN, N_org(KCl)), mineral N (NH ‐N, NO ‐N), microbial‐biomass C and N, and enzyme activities in the uppermost horizons of the soil. The strong depth gradient found for all studied parameters was most pronounced in soils under black locust. Microbial‐biomass C and N and enzyme activities were closely related to the amounts of readily mineralizable organic C (HWC and C_org(KCl)). However, the presented results implicate a faster C and N turnover in the top‐soil layers under black locust caused by higher N‐input rates by symbiotic N₂ fixation.  相似文献   

Swedish land-races of red clover     

Sven Bingefors  Erik Åkerberg 《Euphytica》1961,10(2):147-151

The collection of Swedish local red clover strains, owned by the Swedish Seed Growers' Association, may serve as an attempt to organize a gene bank for land-races of red clover in Northern Europe. From all 43 strains seed is available and it is hoped that seed of satisfactory germination capacity can be kept available for the future. It may be obtained for research purposes in samples of not larger than 100 grams from the Swedish Seed Association, Uppsala 1, Sweden.  相似文献