Single-cell mass cytometry of differential immune and drug responses across a human hematopoietic continuum     

Bendall SC  Simonds EF  Qiu P  Amir el-AD  Krutzik PO  Finck R  Bruggner RV  Melamed R  Trejo A  Ornatsky OI  Balderas RS  Plevritis SK  Sachs K  Pe'er D  Tanner SD  Nolan GP 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,332(6030):687-696

Flow cytometry is an essential tool for dissecting the functional complexity of hematopoiesis. We used single-cell "mass cytometry" to examine healthy human bone marrow, measuring 34 parameters simultaneously in single cells (binding of 31 antibodies, viability, DNA content, and relative cell size). The signaling behavior of cell subsets spanning a defined hematopoietic hierarchy was monitored with 18 simultaneous markers of functional signaling states perturbed by a set of ex vivo stimuli and inhibitors. The data set allowed for an algorithmically driven assembly of related cell types defined by surface antigen expression, providing a superimposable map of cell signaling responses in combination with drug inhibition. Visualized in this manner, the analysis revealed previously unappreciated instances of both precise signaling responses that were bounded within conventionally defined cell subsets and more continuous phosphorylation responses that crossed cell population boundaries in unexpected manners yet tracked closely with cellular phenotype. Collectively, such single-cell analyses provide system-wide views of immune signaling in healthy human hematopoiesis, against which drug action and disease can be compared for mechanistic studies and pharmacologic intervention.  相似文献   

Characterization of fungi (Fusarium and Rhizoctonia) and oomycetes (Phytophthora and Pythium) associated with apple orchards in South Africa     

Yared Tesfai Tewoldemedhin  Mark Mazzola  Wilhelm J. Botha  Christoffel F. J. Spies  Adéle McLeod 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2011,130(2):215-229

Several species of fungi and oomycetes including Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Phytophthora and Pythium have been reported as root pathogens of apple where they contribute to a phenomenon known as apple replant disease. In South Africa, little is known about specific species in these genera and their pathogenicity toward apple. Therefore, these aspects were investigated along with the development and optimization of qPCR tests for detection and quantification of the most virulent oomycete species. In eight investigated orchards, the oomycete Phythophthora cactorum was widely distributed, while nine Pythium species were differentially distributed among the orchards. Pythium irregulare was the most widely distributed and the most virulent species along with P. sylvaticum, P. vexans and Ph. cactorum. Seven binucleate Rhizoctonia anastomosis groups (AGs) were also differentially distributed among the orchards, with the majority appearing to be non-pathogenic while certain AG-I and AG-F isolates exhibited low virulence on apple. In the genus Fusarium, F. oxysporum was widely distributed, but isolates were non-pathogenic. Fusarium solani and F. avenaceum were less frequently encountered, with only some isolates having low virulence. qPCR data obtained from seedling roots inoculated with the most virulent Pythium species (P. irregulare, P. sylvaticum and P. vexans) and the genus Phytophthora were not always reproducible between trials, or isolates of the same species. In general, seedling growth inhibition was associated with the presence of a low amount of pathogen DNA (±40 fg μl⁻¹ to 2 pg μl⁻¹) in roots. Pythium irregulare, although having the lowest DNA concentrations in roots, was the only species for which a significant negative correlation was found between seedling weight and pathogen DNA concentration.  相似文献   

Spatial variation of tracer distribution in a structured clay field soil     

Sylvia Koszinski  Virgil Quisenberry  Helmut Rogasik  Ole Wendroth 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2006,169(1):25-37

Within the sensitive soils of the River Oder Basin (E Brandenburg, Germany), chloride‐tracer transport was studied with respect to soil‐surface conditions of the well structured clayey topsoil (disturbed vs. undisturbed) and irrigation mode (flooding vs. sprinkling). The spatial variation of chloride and dye distribution was sampled in a regular grid within different soil depths. Different methods were used for the analysis of spatial heterogeneity: a heterogeneity index HI derived from fitting parameters of the cumulative distribution function, semivariogram analyses to identify the spatial representativity of observations and to classify the spatial variation, and Spearman's rank correlations to examine the spatial similarity of tracer distribution across different soil depths. Soil aggregation was obvious throughout the soil profile, and macropores and fractures were preferred flow paths for the tracer. Flood irrigation resulted in more “uniform” distribution than sprinkling did. However, preferential flow was identified for all treatments, where, once established below the surface layer, flow paths led to heterogeneity indices manifesting nonuniform flow and reduced lateral mixing between macropores and soil matrix. Within the flooded plot, spatial structure of chloride concentration was moderate unlike the strongly structured variation within the sprinkled plots. For purposes to generalize and to assess regional risk of the water and solute transport within the topsoil of the River Oder Basin, spatial autocorrelation ranges of about 15 cm should be considered and included into concepts of soil protection and land‐use management, soil‐sampling strategies, or modeling approaches.  相似文献   

Testate amoebae as predators of nematodes     

Gregor W. Yeates  Wilhelm Foissner 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1995,20(1):1-7

Testacea were observed ingesting nematodes in the litter horizons of native forests in New Zealand. Nematodes were most commonly attacked from the tail end but some specimens were attacked at mid-body. Nematodes with damaged tails were recovered in greatest numbers from the highest, wettest site sampled. Nebela (Apodera) vas (Certes, 1989) and Difflugia sp. (possibly lanceolata Penard, 1890) were the predators; both species were redescribed using light and scanning electron microscopy and morphometry. Most damaged nematodes were Ironus sp. but Clarkus, Tobrilus, Iotonchus, Cobbonchus, Dorylaimus and Plectus were also attacked. Literature on testacean feeding strategies was reviewed briefly.  相似文献   

Vernachlässigte Phosphor‐ und Kaliumdüngung im ökologischen Landbau senkt die biologische Stickstofffixierung bei Rotklee und den Kornertrag bei nachfolgendem Hafer     

Wilhelm Rmer  Philipp Lehne 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2004,167(1):106-113

Neglected P and K fertilization in organic farming reduces N₂ fixation and grain yield in a red clover‐oat rotation N₂ fixation is the most important N source in organic farming. An insufficient P, K, and S supply to legumes may reduce their N₂ fixation capacity. Consequently, the total yield of plant production may also be reduced. This problem was studied in a pot experiment with red clover followed by oat. Soil was taken from a field where organic farming had been practiced for more than 30 years without applying any mineral fertilizers or buying additional fodder. The soil (luvisol from loess) was characterized by: pH (CaCl₂) 5.4; lactate‐soluble (CAL) P 5 mg kg^–1 and K 110 mg kg^–1. 6 kg dry soil were mixed with 400 mg P applied as (i) triplesuperphosphate (TSP), (ii) rock phosphate (RP) or (iii) compost from organic household residues (BAK). An additional treatment (iv) with TSP received 1000 mg K as K₂SO₄ (TSP+K) and an additional treatment with RP (v) received only 200 mg P (RP/2). A control treatment received no fertilizer. P application significantly improved the P nutritional status of the plants (P content) and increased the N amount in the shoots of red clover (with 400 mg P per pot by 64 % to 139 % as compared to the control) and the dry matter (DM) yield by 60 % to 130 %. No significant differences between TSP and RP were found. The application of BAK resulted in a significantly higher N yield than the application of RP and TSP. The treatment TSP+K resulted in the highest DM yield (230 %), removal of P was 343 %, of K 228 %, and of N 239 % as compared to the control plants. This indicates a synergistic effect of P, K, and S on N₂ fixation, which was also found with BAK. Oat grown after red clover increased its grain yield by 132 % (200 mg P as RP) to 165 % (400 mg P treatments). This was mainly due to a higher P uptake (up to 172 %) and a higher N uptake (up to 172 %) as compared to the control.  相似文献   

Constituents in evening primrose oil with radical scavenging,cyclooxygenase, and neutrophil elastase inhibitory activities     

Hamburger M  Riese U  Graf H  Melzig MF  Ciesielski S  Baumann D  Dittmann K  Wegner C 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(20):5533-5538

Cold-pressed, non-raffinated evening primrose oil was found to contain lipophilic radical scavengers. A highly enriched fraction of these compounds could be obtained from the oil by extraction with aqueous ethanol and subsequent liquid-liquid partitioning with petroleum. LC-DAD-MS analysis revealed that the fraction contained three aromatic compounds with identical UV and ESI-MS spectra. The compounds were isolated by RP-HPLC and their structures established by chemical and spectroscopic means as 3-O-trans-caffeoyl derivatives of betulinic, morolic, and oleanolic acid. The morolic acid derivative was a new compound. The three esters exhibited pronounced radical scavenging activity against the stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical and were potent inhibitors of neutrophil elastase and cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in vitro. Commercial samples of evening primrose oils contained only traces of these lipophilic antioxidants.  相似文献   

Managing lead exposure and toxicity in cow-calf herds to minimize the potential for food residues.     

Cheryl Waldner  Sylvia Checkley  Barry Blakley  Colleen Pollock  Becky Mitchell 《Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation》2002,14(6):481-486

Lead poisoning is commonly diagnosed in cattle. In this study, 3 groups of cattle from different herds accidentally exposed to discarded lead batteries on pasture were intensively studied to determine the extent and severity of exposure. The losses from acute death due to lead toxicity were substantial in all the 3 study groups at 12%, 17%, and 4%. Blood samples were taken from all cattle around the time of the first diagnosis and then later in 2 of the 3 herds to monitor the change in lead concentrations over time. Asymptomatic lead toxicosis was observed in these herds. In these 3 groups, between 4% and 12% of asymptomatic cattle had blood lead concentrations consistent with acute lead poisoning (> 0.35 ppm), and between 7% and 40% of these asymptomatic animals were in the high-normal range (0.1-0.35 ppm). Because of the consistently high number of asymptomatic cattle with elevated lead levels, all cattle potentially exposed to a lead source should be tested before sale or slaughter to minimize the entry of lead into the food chain. The blood lead concentrations, which were monitored for months after the initial diagnosis, decreased slowly after the cattle were removed from the lead source. The prolonged retention of lead may be due to continued release and absorption of lead from metal particles in the reticulum or rumen. The mean reduction in the lead level was 0.046 ppm (95% CI, 0.017-0.075 ppm) every 30 days for these 2 herds. Using a single-component exponential model, the half-life of lead in the animals retested from Herds 1 and 2 was highly variable. The median half-life was 63 days (interquartile range, 34-107 days). One out of 8 pregnant heifers with high blood levels had a stillborn calf. There were no abortions or calf mortalities in this group. Blood samples were'collected from the calves around the time of birth. The concentrations of lead in the blood of the calves exposed in utero were low (0.010-0.095 ppm).  相似文献   

Intraepithelial but not lamina propria lymphocytes in the porcine gut are affected by dexamethasone treatment     

Schwarz E  Saalmüller A  Gerner W  Claus R 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2005,105(1-2):125-139

It is well established that glucocorticoids are key regulators of the immune system and act as immunosuppressive agents in high concentrations. In the pig, effects on the gut immune system and trafficking of lymphocytes between tissues and blood plasma were not investigated so far. Twelve pigs of 70 kg were fed 0.4 mg portions of dexamethasone (Dexa) twice daily for 9 days or remained untreated (controls) and were sacrificed for tissue collection at the end of Dexa treatment. Another six pigs with jugular vein catheters were left untreated for 7 days (control period) and then received Dexa for 9 days. Blood was drawn twice during the control period and at days 3, 6 and 9 of the Dexa period for characterization of peripheral blood leukocytes. Cells were obtained from thymus, mesenteric lymph nodes, jejunal mucosa and Peyer's patches. Lymphoid cells from gut tissue were isolated from two fractions: the EDTA-fraction, containing the intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), and the Collagenase-fraction, containing the lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL). In all samples, cell counts and phenotypic characterization of cells by flow cytometry (FCM) were performed. In thymus, Dexa led to a more than 90% reduction of the absolute cell number, which was mainly found in the CD4+CD8+ subpopulation. Dexa effects on lymphocytes from mesenteric lymph nodes were less severe (50%) and led mainly to a decrease (71%) of B-lymphocytes. The number of lymphocytes in the EDTA-fraction (IEL) of the jejunal mucosa decreased significantly by 56% in the Dexa-treated animals compared to the controls, whereas the number of lymphocytes in the Collagenase-fraction (LPL) decreased only moderately. In the Peyer's patches, a decreasing tendency in the number of lymphocytes in the EDTA-fraction was observed which, however, was not significant. In blood, monocytes and granulocytes were significantly increased in an order of 60%. The data show that supraphysiological amounts of Dexa remarkably reduce cell numbers in thymus and also in the intraepithelial compartment of the jejunal mucosa and ileal Peyer's patches. In blood, a notable homeostasis was observed for several leukocyte populations whereas both monocytes and granulocytes increased.  相似文献   

Luteoforol,a flavan 4-ol,is induced in pome fruits by prohexadione-calciumand shows phytoalexin-like properties against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Erwinia amylovora</Emphasis>and other plant pathogens     

Francesco?SpinelliEmail author  John-Bryan?Speakman  Wilhelm?Rademacher  Heidi?Halbwirth  Karl?Stich  Guglielmo?Costa 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2005,112(2):133-142

Treatments with prohexadione-calcium led to lowered incidence of fire blight, scab and other diseases in pome fruit trees and other crop plants. In addition to acting as a growth regulator, prohexadione-calcium interferes with flavonoid metabolism and induces the accumulation of the 3-deoxycatechin luteoliflavan in shoots of pome fruit trees. Luteoliflavan does not possess any remarkable antimicrobial activity. Therefore luteoforol, its unstable and highly reactive precursor, has been tested in vitro for its bactericidal and fungicidal activities. Luteoforol was found to be highly active against different strains of Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight, and all other bacterial and fungal organisms tested. Phytotoxic effects were also observed in pear plantlets. The results obtained indicate that prohexadione-calcium induces luteoforol as an active principle with non-specific biocidal properties. It is proposed that luteoforol is released upon pathogen attack from its cellular compartment and inhibits further disease development by destroying pathogen cells as well as by inducing a hypersensitive-like reaction in the host plant tissue. This mechanism would be closely analogous to the one known for structurally related phytoalexins in sorghum.  相似文献   

Sodium chlorate as cause of poisoning in sheep     

A Wilhelm  K G Thiemann 《Monatshefte für Veterin?rmedizin》1969,24(11):415-417

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