Heat-induced aggregation of whey proteins: comparison of cheese WPC with acid WPC and relevance of mineral composition     

Havea P  Singh H  Creamer LK 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(16):4674-4681

Heat-induced aggregation of whey proteins in solutions made from two commercial whey protein concentrates (WPCs), one derived from mineral acid whey (acid WPC) and the other from cheese whey (cheese WPC), was studied using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Heat treatment (75 degrees C) of acid WPC solutions (12.0%, w/w, pH 6.9) resulted in formation of relatively small "soluble" aggregates that were predominantly disulfide-linked. By contrast, heat treatment of the cheese WPC solutions (under the same conditions) caused formation of relatively large aggregates, containing high proportions of aggregates linked by noncovalent associations. The rate of aggregation of both beta-lactoglobulin and alpha-lactalbumin at 75 degrees C, measured as the loss of native proteins by PAGE, was higher in the cheese WPC solution than in the acid WPC solution. Cross dialysis of the two WPC solutions resulted in alteration of the mineral composition of each WPC solution and reversing their heat-induced aggregation behavior. The results demonstrated that the mineral composition is very important in controlling the aggregation behavior of WPC products.  相似文献   

Extraction, processing, and storage effects on curcuminoids and oleoresin yields from Curcuma longa L. grown in Jamaica     

Green CE  Hibbert SL  Bailey-Shaw YA  Williams LA  Mitchell S  Garraway E 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(10):3664-3670

Aromatic diarylheptanoid compounds from Curcuma longa Linn grown in Jamaica were quantified by UV-vis spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analyses. The oleoresin yields from ethanolic extracts were quantified and evaluated with regard to the effects of the type of postharvesting process and the type of extraction method conducted on the plant material. Fresh samples that were hot solvent extracted provided the highest oleoresin yields of 15.7% +/- 0.4 ( n = 3), and the lowest oleoresin yields of 7.8% +/- 0.2 ( n = 3) were from the dried milled samples that were cold solvent extracted. Data from the ASTA spectrophotometer assay confirmed that dried samples contained the highest curcuminoid content of 55.5% +/- 2.2 ( n = 6) at the fifth month of storage, and the fresh samples showed a curcuminoid content of 47.1% +/- 6.4 ( n = 6) at the third month of storage. A modified HPLC analysis was used to quantify curcumin content. Data from the HPLC analysis confirmed that the dried treated, hot extracted, room temperature stored samples had the highest curcumin content of 24.3%. A novel high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method provided a chemical fingerprint of the C. longa with the use of a commercial curcumin standard.  相似文献   

Timing, duration, and transitions of the last interglacial Asian monsoon   总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16  

Yuan D  Cheng H  Edwards RL  Dykoski CA  Kelly MJ  Zhang M  Qing J  Lin Y  Wang Y  Wu J  Dorale JA  An Z  Cai Y 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,304(5670):575-578

Thorium-230 ages and oxygen isotope ratios of stalagmites from Dongge Cave, China, characterize the Asian Monsoon and low-latitude precipitation over the past 160,000 years. Numerous abrupt changes in 18O/16O values result from changes in tropical and subtropical precipitation driven by insolation and millennial-scale circulation shifts. The Last Interglacial Monsoon lasted 9.7 +/- 1.1 thousand years, beginning with an abrupt (less than 200 years) drop in 18O/16O values 129.3 +/- 0.9 thousand years ago and ending with an abrupt (less than 300 years) rise in 18O/16O values 119.6 +/- 0.6 thousand years ago. The start coincides with insolation rise and measures of full interglacial conditions, indicating that insolation triggered the final rise to full interglacial conditions.  相似文献   

Amplification of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora infestans</Emphasis> RG57 loci Facilitates <Emphasis Type="Italic">in planta</Emphasis> T-RFLP Identification of Late Blight Genotypes     

Champa P. Wijekoon  Binod B. Pageni  Melanie L. Kalischuk  Newton Z. Lupwayi  Lawrence M. Kawchuk 《American Journal of Potato Research》2017,94(3):251-257

Late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, is a devastating disease in potato and tomato and causes yield and quality losses worldwide. The disease first emerged in central America and has since spread in North America including the United States and Canada. Several new genotypes of P. infestans have recently emerged, including US-22, US-23 and US-24. Due to significant economic and environmental impacts, there has been an increasing interest in the rapid identification of P. infestans genotypes. In addition to providing details regarding the various phenotypic characteristics such as fungicide resistance, host preference, and pathogenicity associated with various P. infestans genotypes, information related to pathogen movement and potential recombination may also be determined from the genetic analyses. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis with the RG57 loci is one of the most reliable procedures used to genotype P. infestans. However, the RFLP procedure requires propagation and isolation of the pathogen and relatively large amounts of DNA. Isolation of the late blight pathogen is sometimes impossible due to the poor condition of the infected tissues or the presence of fungicide residues. In this study, we describe a procedure to identify P. infestans at the molecular level in planta using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of the RG57 loci. This T-RFLP assay is sufficiently sensitive to detect and differentiate P. infestans genotypes directly in planta without propagation and isolation of the pathogen, to facilitate the timely implementation of best management practices.  相似文献   

Irrigation of paddy soil with industrial landfill leachate: impacts in rice productivity,plant nutrition,and chemical characteristics of soil     

Filipe?Selau?CarlosEmail author  Bruno?Loss?dos?Santos  Robson?Andreazza  Marino?José?Tedesco  Lawrence?Morris  Flávio?Anastácio?de?Oliveira Camargo 《Paddy and Water Environment》2017,15(1):133-144

Treated industrial effluents have high levels of nutrients and dissolved organic matter. The irrigation of rice by flooding can increase nutrient uptake and grain yield. Therefore, this study evaluated the nutrient contents in the shoots and grain of the rice crop and also the chemical of the soil after irrigation of the crop with leachate of the treated industrial effluent. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using pots filled with 20 kg of soil in a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of control (irrigation with distilled water) and four concentrations of the leachate (25, 50, 75, and 100 %) for irrigation. At the end of the experiment, the nutrient contents in tissues of rice plants, sterility of spikelets, and grain mass were evaluated. Results showed that irrigation with the leachate at 25 % content increased the macro- and micronutrients’ concentrations in the shoot biomass and grain, except for potassium and iron. Irrigation with the industrial leachate decreased tillering and grain yield; however, it increased chlorophyll content, sterility of spikelets, and sodium intake at this leachate concentration. The potassium and sodium levels and the electrical conductivity values of soils irrigated with treated industrial leachate were increased. The use of the treated leachate from industrial effluents is an alternative that reuses the nutritional load, but the volume of leachate should be limited and monitored to prevent the sodicity in the soil and problemsdue to eutrophication.  相似文献   

The insecticidal and acaricidal actions of compounds fromAzadirachta indica (A. Juss.) and their use in tropical pest management     

Lawrence A. D. Williams  Ajai Mansingh 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》1996,1(3):133-145

The pest control potential demonstrated by various extracts and compounds isolated from the kernels and leaves of the neem plant (Azadirachta indica) A. Juss. (Meliaceae) seem to be of tremendous importance for agriculture in developing countries. Laboratory and field trial data have revealed that neem extracts are toxic to over 400 species of insect pests some of which have developed resistance to conventional pesticides, e.g. sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn. Diptera: Aleyrodidae), the diamond back moth (Plutella xylostella L. Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and cattle ticks (Amblyomma cajennense F. Acarina: Ixodidae andBoophilus microplus Canestrini. Acarina: Ixodidae). The compounds isolated from the neem plant manifest their effects on the test organisms in many ways, e.g. as antifeedants, growth regulators, repellents, toxicants and chemosterilants. This review strives to assess critically the pest control potential of neem extracts and compounds for their use in the tropics. This assessment is based on the information available on the wide range of pests against which neem extracts and compounds have proven to be toxic, toxicity to non-target organisms, e.g. parasitoids, pollinators, mammals and fish, formulations, stability and phytotoxicity.  相似文献   

Acaricidal properties of some synthetic unconjugated allenic anilides     

Evon A. Bolessa  Lawrence A. D. Williams 《Pest management science》1992,35(3):209-214

Seven unconjugated allenic anilides with the allenic moiety situated at the 3, 4 position were synthesized and evaluated for acaricidal activity against Boophilus microplus (Canestrinii). The order of toxicity (% adult mortality) of the anilides against adult B. microplus at 0.5 μg tick^?1 was: N-(3-chloro-4-methyl-phenyl)-5-methylhexa-3, 4-dienamide, (I) = N-(4-bromophenyl)-5-methylhexa-3, 4-dienamide(III)(100%) > N-(4-bromophenyl)-deca-3, 4-dienamide (VI)(68%) > N-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-5-methylhexa-3, 4-dienamide (II) (32.3%) > N-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-5-methylhepta-3, 4-dienamide (IV) (28%) > N-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)-5-ethylhepta-3, 4-dienamide (VII) (24%) > N-(4-bromophenyl)-5-methylhepta-3, 4-dienamide (V) (20%). Comparison of the relative potencies (in parenthesis) at 1.5 μg tick^?1 of the anilides with three commercial acaricides: pyrenone, lindane and carbaryl, revealed the following orders of activities: in comparison with pyrenone: pyrenone = I = II (1) > VI(0.93) > II (0.67) > IV (0.55) > VII (0.46) > VI (0.37); in comparison with lindane: I = HI (6.06) > VI (5.65) > II (4.04) > IV (3.36) > VII (2.76) > V (2.39) > lindane (1.0). All anilides were more toxic than carbaryl which gave no mortality at 1.5 μg tick^?1. The need for developing more effective control agents for B. microplus is highlighted by the high levels of resistance found in some Jamaican populations of the pest. Resistance of the orders of 31- to 227-fold had been reported against lindane and between 15- and 67-fold to carbaryl.  相似文献   

Seasonal variation in blood biochemistry of long-term captive Mediterranean tortoises (Testudo graeca and T hermanni)     

K Lawrence 《Research in veterinary science》1987,43(3):379-383

Reference values for five blood chemistry parameters in 18 Mediterranean tortoises of two species, Testudo graeca and T hermanni, were determined on up to 10 occasions during the year. Statistically significant seasonal variations were demonstrated in blood urea and blood glucose. Seasonal variations were demonstrated in blood urea and blood glucose. Seasonal variations in total plasma proteins, lipids and cholesterol, however, were limited to gravid females. The study also suggested that three energy sources were available to the tortoise during hibernation, lipids stored in the fat body, endogenous protein degradation and glucose derived from hepatic glycogen.  相似文献   

Rapid Sequence 70 mm. Spot Filming in Small Animal Radiology1     

Lawrence J. Kleine 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1969,10(1):55-60

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NOCTURNAL ACTIVITY OF BIRDS ON SHRIMP MARICULTURE PONDS     

Jeffrey L. Beynon  David L. Hutchins  Anthony J. Rubino  Addison L. Lawrence  Brian R. Chapman 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》1981,12(2):63-70

Birds can reduce production of shrimp in mariculture grow-out ponds through predation and competition for feed. This study involved weekly nocturnal enumeration of bird populations and observation of nocturnal avian habits on a series of 0.1 ha experimental ponds at the Texas A&M University Shrimp Mariculture Facility at Corpus Christi, Texas. Observations were conducted hourly from sunset to sunrise during October through December 1980. The rate of predation was evaluated every three hours by comparing the number of feeding attempts to the number of successful prey captures over a known time period. Gulls (Family Laridae) acted primarily as competitors for feed. Active feeding by gulls was restricted to daylight hours, consequently feed loss decreased when the feed was distributed at or after dusk. Major preadatory birds included herons and egrets (F. Ardeidae), migratory ducks (F. Anatidae), and, to a lesser extent, grebes (F. Podicipedidae) and shorebirds (Order Charadriiformes). Bird predation decreased pond production by 75% in some ponds.  相似文献