Remote Sensing Applications to Agricultural Monitoring1     

H.C. Chiang  M.P. Meyer 《EPPO Bulletin》1974,4(3):309-315

The development of detection of insect infestations from aircraft was reviewed. It started with visual observation and written records, and developed to photographic recording with color films and infrared films, then to enhancement of photographic images. Aerial photography was used to detect simulated insect defoliation in corn fields. Several guide-lines were established: defoliation on top of plant was easily detected while that on the base of plant was less so; aero infrared film with a Wratten 89B filter gave the best results, morning flight at the scale of 1: 15,840 is to be recommended, and row direction, plant growth stage and time elapse since defoliation were not important factors. The multiple uses of aerial photography in agricultural monitoring were proposed, and the research needed to implement the proposed scheme was outlined. The potential and limitations of remote sensing from spacecraft such as the Earth Resources Technology Satellite and the SKYLAB were discussed.  相似文献   

林丹粉剂拌合储粮防治害虫的研究——不同拌合方式的防虫效果及残留量     

檀先昌  李雁声  马玉莲  许淑谊  陆志忠  张国梁  樊铁  江若兰 《植物保护学报》1965,4(1):92-102

本試驗是1962年結合生产进行的。結果表明,粮堆中拌合百万分之5的林丹粉剂,以全部拌合防治效果最好;分层或表层拌合的,防治效果较差。无論那种拌合方式都可以有效地防治麦蛾;在原始害虫不多的情况下,对米象、长角谷盜和谷蠹也有良好防治效果,但对防治鋸谷盜和米虱,效果不明显。用百万分之5的林丹粉剂拌合小麦,加工后,林丹的残留量在机制粉中为百万分之1.1—2.5,石磨制粉中为百万分之1.7—3.9,麸皮中为百万分之4.8—10.4。表层拌合的小麦加工成面粉后,为百万分之0.3,麸皮中为百万分之1.2。全部拌合的稻谷加工后,大米及米糠中分別为百万分之0.57—1.0和4.6—12.0,分层拌合的稻谷加工品中則分別为百万分之0.42和2.0。全部拌合的玉米,加工成玉米粉后为百万分之1.9—3.7。上述拌合浓度,对种子发芽率没有影响。  相似文献   

Selective delivery of cargo entities to tumor cells by nanoscale artificial oil bodies     

Chiang CJ  Chen CJ  Lin LJ  Chang CH  Chao YP 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2010,58(22):11695-11702

Artificial oil bodies (AOBs) are oil droplets that result from self-assembly of a mixture containing triacylglycerols, phospholipids, and membrane proteins of plant seeds. Owing to their small size, stability, hydrophobic core, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, AOBs were explored to examine their feasibility as a drug delivery carrier. This was approached by fusion sesame oleosin (Ole), the primary membrane protein of seed oil bodies, with a small domain consisting of the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) motif. The resulting Ole-RGD fusion protein was overproduced in Escherichia coli and then isolated for reconstitution of AOBs. At the optimal condition, the size of stable AOBs was within the range of 100-400 nm. Furthermore, AOBs entrapped with a hydrophobic fluorescence dye were incubated with human tumor cells. As visualized by fluorescent microscopy and confocal microscopy, the RGD-tagged AOBs were able to selectively target cells expressing the αvβ3 integrin. Moreover, these AOBs were effectively internalized and the fluorescence dye that they carried was subsequently released inside the cells. The percentage of cells internalized by AOBs could reach 80% as analyzed by flow cytometry. Taken together, it illustrates a great promise of this proposed approach for targeted delivery of cargo entities to tumor cells.  相似文献   

Direct fed microbial supplementation repartitions host energy to the immune system     

Qiu R  Croom J  Ali RA  Ballou AL  Smith CD  Ashwell CM  Hassan HM  Chiang CC  Koci MD 《Journal of animal science》2012,90(8):2639-2651

Direct fed microbials and probiotics are used to promote health in livestock and poultry; however, their mechanism of action is still poorly understood. We previously reported that direct fed microbial supplementation in young broilers reduced ileal respiration without changing whole-body energy expenditure. The current studies were conducted to further investigate the effects of a direct fed microbial on energy metabolism in different tissues of broilers. One hundred ninety-two 1-d-old broiler chicks (16 chicks/pen) were randomly assigned to 2 dietary groups: standard control starter diet (CSD) and CSD plus direct fed microbial (DFMD; 0.3%) with 6 pens/treatment. Body weight, feed consumption, whole-body energy expenditure, organ mass, tissue respiration rates, and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) ATP concentrations were measured to estimate changes in energy metabolism. No differences in whole body energy expenditure or BW gain were observed; however, decreased ileal O(2) respiration (P < 0.05) was measured in DFMD fed broilers. In contrast, the respiration rate of the thymus in those broilers was increased (P < 0.05). The PBMC from DFMD fed broilers had increased ATP concentrations and exhibited increased ATP turnover (P < 0.01). To determine if the increased energy consumption by PBMC corresponded with an altered immune response, broilers were immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and assayed for differences in their humoral response. The DFMD-fed broilers had a faster rate of antigen specific IgG production (P < 0.05) and an increase in total IgA (P < 0.05). Collectively, these data indicate that supplementation with the direct fed microbial used in this study resulted in energy re-partitioning to the immune system and an increase in antibody production independent of changes in whole body metabolism or growth performance.  相似文献   

Glutathione Transferase Isozymes Involved in Insecticide Resistance of Diamondback Moth Larvae   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Ku C. C.  Chiang F. M.  Hsin C. Y.  Yao Y. E.  Sun C. N. 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》1994,50(3)

In addition to the three glutathione transferase (GST) isozymes already identified in diamondback moth larvae, Plutella xylostella (L.), a fourth one, GST-4, was purified from a teflubenzuron (TFB)-resistant strain. This GST isozyme was similar to GST-3 in terms of biochemical and toxicological properties. GST-4, a homodimer with a subunit molecular mass of 26.6 kDa and a pI of ca. 8.9, displayed even stronger substrate preference than GST-3 for 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene and several organophosphorus insecticides, i.e., parathion, methyl parathion, and paraoxon. These two proteins were highly immunorelated and shared at least the first eight amino acids at the N-terminus. Immunoblotting analysis indicated that polyclonal antiserum raised against GST-3 cross-reacted with GST-1 and GST-2 at least 40-fold less intensely than with the antigen. Using this antiserum as probe, higher amounts and greater variations of GST-3/GST-4 were observed in larvae of a methyl parathion- and a TFB-resistant strain compared with a susceptible and a fenvalerate-resistant strain. Among the six lepidopterous insects examined, only Spodoptera exigua larvae clearly had proteins immunorelated to GST-3/GST-4 of diamondback moth. No such cross-reactivity was observed in Musca domestica, Drosophila melanogaster, and Aedes aegypti.  相似文献   

High incidence of polyarteritis nodosa in the brains of culled sows     

Liu CH  Chiang YH  Chu RM  Pang VF  Lee CC 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2005,67(1):125-127

A total of 307 brains of purebred sows obtained from an abattoir were retrospectively examined. These sows were culled with reasons of reproductive failure, urogenital infections, or locomotor problems. The most common macroscopic lesions were cavitations or lacunae in the basal nuclei (9.1%, 28/307) and coarse and thickened leptomeninges with marked vessels (3.9%, 12/307). The most frequent microscopic lesion was polyarteritis nodosa (21.2%, 65/307), which was found in all 40 brains with the above-mentioned gross lesions and in all 25 brains with microscopic cerebral infarcts or cavitations. The affected arteries of polyarteritis nodosa were distributed primarily in the cerebral leptomeninges, basal nuclei, and internal and external capsules. Histopathologically, a characteristic change of the affected arteries was transmural fibrinoid necrosis with severe infiltration of mixed inflammatory cells; narrowing or occlusion of the lumen. The inflammatory cells were chiefly composed of lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells, with a few eosinophils and occasional multinucleated giant cells. Polyarteritis nodosa was found at a high percentage in the brains from culled sows. It may result in cerebral ischemia, infarcts, and hemorrhage, and possibly play a role in the necessity for culling due to locomotor problems.  相似文献   

Limited effect of recombinant porcine interleukin-12 on porcine lymphocytes due to a low level of IL-12 beta2 receptor     

Solano-Aguilar GI  Zarlenga D  Beshah E  Vengroski K  Gasbarre L  Junker D  Cochran M  Weston C  Valencia D  Chiang C  Dawson H  Urban JF  Lunney JK 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2002,89(3-4):133-148

  相似文献   

Haemophilus somnus-induced interference with bovine neutrophil functions   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

R D Hubbard  M L Kaeberle  J A Roth  Y W Chiang 《Veterinary microbiology》1986,12(1):77-85

The effect of Haemophilus somnus on bovine polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) function was examined in vitro with whole cells and fractions extracted from the surface of this bacterium. The ability of PMNs to iodinate protein and ingest Staphylococcus aureus was significantly inhibited in the presence of live cells, heat-killed whole cells or supernatant fluid from heat-killed cells, but not in the presence of washed, heat-killed cells. None of the fractions inhibited nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction by PMNs. The PMN inhibitory factors were further characterized. The material that inhibited S. aureus ingestion was found to be a heat-stable cell surface material of greater than 300 000 MW. The fraction inhibiting iodination of protein was found to be less than 10 000 MW.  相似文献   

柑桔苗黄型衰退病毒的分布概况和六种酸橙类砧木对它的反应   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

赵学源  蒋元晖  张权炳  邱柱石  苏维芳 《植物病理学报》1979,9(1):61-64

 用尤力克柠檬和葡萄柚作指示植物,鉴定广西、广东、湖南、江西、浙江、四川等6个省(区)的873株柑桔中有691株受苗黄型衰退病毒感染,说明这种病毒的分布相当普遍。  相似文献   

Evaluation of immune responses in horses immunized using a killed Sarcocystis neurona vaccine     

Marsh AE  Lakritz J  Johnson PJ  Miller MA  Chiang YW  Chu HJ 《Veterinary therapeutics : research in applied veterinary medicine》2004,5(1):34-42

Clinically normal horses developed cellular immunity to Sarcocystis neurona following IM vaccination with a commercial killed S. neurona vaccine, as indicated by the development of measurable anti-S. neurona IgG antibodies and additional intradermal skin testing. Large-scale independent assessments of the vaccine's performance and safety are in progress under field conditions. The next step in the evaluation of this vaccine would be to attempt experimental challenge after a reproducible reliable equine model of S. neurona encephalitis has been established that allows for reisolation of the pathogen after challenge.  相似文献