Changes in element concentrations during Andosol formation on tephra in Japan     

M. Nanzyo    S. Yamasaki    T. Honna    I. Yamada    S. Shoji  & T. Takahashi 《European Journal of Soil Science》2007,58(2):465-477

Andosol formation involves the rapid, abundant and in situ formation of non‐crystalline materials from tephra deposits. A large amount of humus complexed with Al also accumulates in the A horizons. As these materials are rich in Al or Fe compared to the parent tephra, the concentrations of the major and minor elements change significantly during Andosol formation. The objectives of this study were to examine how the rock type of the tephra and its weight loss during the formation process affect the changes in the element concentrations of Andosols. A total of 95 samples with different rock types from 18 pedons of Andosols in Japan were used to determine the total concentrations of 54 elements. Principal component analysis suggested that the degree of weathering and the rock types of parent tephra are the important factors in the variation of the element concentrations in Andosols. Three rock types, dacitic, andesitic and basaltic‐andesitic, were identified from the V and Zn contents of ferromagnetic minerals separated from the Andosol samples. Basaltic Andosols were identified from the abundant coloured volcanic glass and olivine in the sand fraction. Regarding concentrations of 41 elements, at least one group based on rock type was significantly different from one to three other groups at the P= 0.05 level. The content of oxalate‐extractable Si (Si_o), Al (Al_o) and Fe (Fe_o) was used as an index to show the extent of Andosol development. Relatively strong correlations between the element concentrations and Si_o, Al_o and Fe_o as well as other weathering indices were found in the andesitic samples. Among these elements, at least 27 (Be, Al, Ti, Fe, Y, Zr, Nb, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, Tl, Pb, Th and U) were enriched in the Andosols and the increases in these concentrations were related to total weight loss due to soil formation processes.  相似文献   

Simple and rapid determination of thiabendazole,imazalil, and o-phenylphenol in citrus fruit using flow-injection electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry     

Ito Y  Goto T  Oka H  Matsumoto H  Miyazaki Y  Takahashi N  Nakazawa H 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(4):861-866

A simple and rapid analytical method for thiabendazole (TBZ), imazalil (IMA), and o-phenylphenol (OPP) in citrus fruit has been developed by using flow-injection electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for the first time. The method involves the combined use of stable isotopically labeled internal standards (thiabendazole-(13)C(6), imazalil-d(5), and p-phenylphenol-d(9)) and a multiple reaction monitoring technique. The average recoveries for the fungicides at the tolerance levels (TBZ and OPP, 10 mg/kg; IMA, 5 mg/kg) ranged from 77 to 101%, with the coefficients of variation (CVs) ranging from 0.7 to 4.2% (n = 5). At half the tolerance levels (TBZ and OPP, 5 mg/kg; IMA, 2.5 mg/kg), the average recoveries ranged from 62 to 112%, with the CVs ranging from 0.7 to 8.4% (n = 5). The CVs of the average recoveries, obtained from lemon samples fortified with three fungicides at the tolerance levels, obtained on three different days over two weeks, ranged within 2%. The analysis time, including sample preparation and determination, is only 15 min.  相似文献   

Conversion to docosahexaenoic acid-containing phosphatidylserine from squid skin lecithin by phospholipase D-mediated transphosphatidylation   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Hosokawa M  Shimatani T  Kanada T  Inoue Y  Takahashi K 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2000,48(10):4550-4554

Phospholipase D (PLD)-mediated transphosphatidylation of squid skin lecithin with L-serine was examined to prepare docosahexaenoic acid-containing phosphatidylserine (DHA-PS). When a biphasic system with organic solvent and 0.2 M acetate buffer (pH 5.5) was used, PS synthesis was significantly affected by the amount of 3.4 M L-serine-containing acetate buffer. L-Serine concentration in the acetate buffer and choice of organic solvent were also crucial. In a typical reaction with 0.8 unit of PLD (Streptomyces sp.), 2.5 mL of ethyl acetate substrate solution containing 30 mg of squid skin lecithin in combination with 3 mL of 3.4 M L-serine-containing 0.2 M acetate buffer (pH 5.5), PS content in the recovered phospholipid fraction increased to 43.1% after 24 h. DHA composed 37.6% of fatty acids in the converted PS. This was the same DHA level as in the substrate. Phosphatidylcholine (squid skin PC, DHA 44.2%) in the squid skin lecithin was more effectively converted to PS than phosphatidylethanolamine.  相似文献   

Quality Control and Its Constraints during the Preparatory-Phase Activities of the Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET)     

Tsunehiko Otoshi  Norio Fukuzaki  Hu Li  Hiroshi Hoshino  Hiroyuki Sase  Masashi Saito  Katsunori Suzuki 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2001,130(1-4):1613-1618

Participating countries of the Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET) launched the preparatory-phase activities from April 1998. For the recognition and improvement of the analytical precision and accuracy, the Interim Network Center (INC) carried out the inter-laboratory comparison on the analysis of artificial rainwater samples and soil samples. Relevant laboratories submitted their analytical data to the INC for the evaluation. Submitted data were summarized and evaluated in terms of precision and accuracy, and were compared with the Data Quality Objectives (DQOs) of EANET. These inter-laboratory comparisons made clear the present conditions of laboratories as well as the major constraints that should be solved in the future.  相似文献   

Constituents of the leaves of Peucedanum japonicum Thunb. and their biological activity     

Hisamoto M  Kikuzaki H  Nakatani N 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(3):445-450

In the course of our study on the isolation and structure determination of constituents in tropical plants, we focused on Peucedanum japonicum Thunb., belonging to the family Umbelliferae. In this study, a new C(13) norisoprenoid glucoside, (3S)-O-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-6-[3-oxo-(2S)-butenylidenyl]-1,1,5-trimethylcyclohexan-(5R)-ol (1), and two new phenylpropanoid glucosides, 3-(2-O-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (3) and methyl 3-(2-O-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (4), were isolated from the n-butanol soluble fraction of this plant's leaves, together with five known compounds. The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. In addition, all isolated compounds were examined for scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical and inhibitory activity against mushroom tyrosinase. These results suggested that 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propane-1,3-diol (7) and 3-O-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propanol (8) showed an appreciable activity in both assay systems.  相似文献   

Proton Budget for a Japanese Cedar Forest Ecosystem     

Takashi Wakamatsu  Kazuo Sato  Akira Takahashi  Hideaki Shibata 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2001,130(1-4):721-726

The proton budget for a Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) forest in Gunma Prefecture, Japan, was studied by estimating biogeochemical fluxes. The proton budgets were estimated for three individual compartments of the ecosystem: vegetation canopy, and the upper (O horizon + 0–10 cm) and lower (10–100 cm) soil layers. The dominant proton sources in the compartments were atmospheric deposition (1.2 kmol ha^?1 yr^?1), nitrification (5.1 kmol, ha^?1 yr^?1) and base-cation uptake by vegetation (8.0 kmol, ha^?1 yr^?1) respectively. These proton sources were neutralized almost completely within the individual compartments mainly by base-cation release from the canopy or the soil. The sum of internal proton sources was five times as large as that of external ones. Nitrogen input from the atmosphere was 2.2 kmol ha^?1 yr^?1, whereas its output from the lower soil layer was 3.9 kmol ha^?1 yr^?1, indicating that a net loss of nitrogen occurred in the ecosystem. However, this did not cause the acidification of soil leachates because of a sufficient release rate of base cations from the soil.  相似文献   

¹⁵N Analysis of the Promotive Effect of Deep Placement of Slow-Release N Fertilizers on Growth and Seed Yield of Soybean     

Tewari Kaushal  Masaru Onda  Sayuri Ito  Akihiko Yamazaki  Hiroyuki Fujikake  Norikuni Ohtake  Kuni Sueyoshi  Yoshihiko Takahashi  Takuji Ohyama 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2005,51(6):885-892

  相似文献   

Antioxidant activities of black and yellow soybeans against low density lipoprotein oxidation   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Takahashi R  Ohmori R  Kiyose C  Momiyama Y  Ohsuzu F  Kondo K 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(11):4578-4582

Several studies have demonstrated that the daily intakes of soy foods were associated with a reduced cardiovascular risk. The aim of our study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of black soybeans on low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in comparison to yellow soybeans. The extract from black soybean had a longer LDL oxidation lag time than that from yellow soybean (205 +/- 16 and 65 +/- 3 min, respectively). When both soybeans were divided into the seed coat and the mixture of the germ and cotyledon, the diluted extract solution from the black soybean seed coat prolonged the lag time significantly more than the original extract of the yellow soybean seed coat. On the other hand, antioxidant effects of the extract from the mixture of germs and cotyledons were similar in both soybeans. Regarding total polyphenol contents, the seed coat of black soybean had a higher polyphenol content than that of yellow soybean (29.0 +/- 0.56 and 0.45 +/- 0.02 mg/g, respectively). Interestingly, the mixture of the germ and cotyledon hydrolyzed by beta-glucosidase in both soybeans showed a stronger inhibitory effect on LDL oxidation than that before being hydrolyzed by beta-glucosidase. These results suggest that black soybeans may be more effective in inhibiting LDL oxidation than yellow soybeans because of total polyphenols contents in its seed coat. In addition, aglycones, which are rich in soybeans fermented or hydrolyzed by beta-glucosidase, may play a crucial role in the prevention of oxidation-related diseases.  相似文献   

Use of an optical biosensor with a silicone-immobilized enzyme to determine plasma total cholesterol concentrations in fish     

Hideaki Endo  Junhong Hao  Masashi Maita  Tetsuhito Hayashi  Huifeng Ren  Kyoko Hibi 《Fisheries Science》2009,75(5):1329-1336

Decreased plasma total cholesterol concentrations are a useful indicator in fish of reduced resistance to bacterial infection. Taking advantage of the hydrophobic properties of silicone rubber, we developed an optical enzyme sensor system for measuring plasma cholesterol concentrations in fish. The system was constructed using an immobilized enzyme membrane, optical oxygen probe, flow system, and personal computer. The enzyme membrane was prepared from cholesterol esterase, cholesterol oxidase, and silicone rubber. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 55–85 mg dl⁻¹ for yellowtail and 20–90 mg dl⁻¹ for rainbow trout. Assays could be completed within 3 min, and the sensor response was stabilized by the hydrophobic properties of silicone rubber. Storage of immobilized enzyme membranes at 5°C permitted stable measurements for 58 days. The sensor system was applied to determine plasma total cholesterol concentrations in fish. Good correlations were obtained between results obtained using the sensor and results obtained using conventional methods (correlation coefficients: yellowtail 0.9751, rainbow trout 0.9947). Our method required much less time than conventional cholesterol assays and can be used economically for continuous determination of plasma total cholesterol in fish.  相似文献   

Differences in development of bovine oocytes recovered by aspiration or by mincing.     

Y Takagi  K Mori  T Takahashi  S Sugawara  J Masaki 《Journal of animal science》1992,70(6):1923-1927

This experiment was performed to clarify relationships between conditions of bovine ovaries and developmental capacity of the follicular oocytes recovered from them and to compare two methods of oocyte collection, aspiration and mincing. Follicular oocytes with surrounding intact, unexpanded cumulus recovered by follicular aspiration or by mincing of tissue from 24 pairs of ovaries were matured and fertilized in vitro. The number of follicular oocytes recovered from pairs of ovaries averaged 32.1 +/- 3.2, but the number recovered varied greatly among the 24 pairs of ovaries (range, 7 to 71). The overall rate of development to the blastocyst stage was 18% (137/771), and the average number of blastocysts produced from a pair of ovaries was 5.7 +/- 1.1 (range, 0 to 17). No relationships were found between the presence of corpora lutea or large follicles and the proportion of oocytes capable of reaching the blastocyst stage in vitro. However, a positive correlation was observed between the number of oocytes obtained from each pair of ovaries and subsequent in vitro development; the correlation was especially high for oocytes obtained by aspiration. These data suggest that the developmental capacity of bovine follicular oocytes after in vitro maturation and fertilization is correlated to the number of antral follicles aspirated from the pair of ovaries.  相似文献