Contact structure and potential risk factors for avian influenza transmission among open-sided chicken farms in Kamalia, an important poultry rearing area of Pakistan     

Abbas T  Wilking H  Höreth-Böntgen D  Conraths FJ 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2012,125(3-4):110-116

Since 1994, the domestic poultry in Pakistan has experienced several outbreaks due to avian influenza viruses of subtypes H7N3, H5N1, and H9N2. This paper reveals horizontal contacts and potential risk factors for the spread of avian influenza infection between open-sided chicken farms in Kamalia, a sub-district of Punjab province. Between April and June 2009, an interview-based questionnaire was administered to a sample of 78 growers. The survey identified the following potential biosecurity risks for outbreak propagation: i) short buffer distances between farms, ii) disposal of carcasses and other organic wastes into the environment, iii) entry of feral birds into poultry sheds, iv) visits of poultry farmers to possible cross-contamination sites, v) absence of boundary walls, vi) incomplete biosecurity on high-risk visitors (i. e. those going inside the poultry houses), essential vehicles and equipment used by vaccination crews vii) visits of intermediaries and service providers and, viii) sharing of egg trays between farms at production. For most of the variables, there was no significant difference between the broiler and layer type of farms (p < or = 0.05). The risk of an extensive outbreak in Kamalia was concluded to be due to its high poultry density, ubiquitous small-scale, market-oriented poultry production with medium to low biosecurity, and the affiliation of the farmers to multiple service providers. To reduce the risk of having an outbreak, farm-specific biosecurity gaps should be identified and appropriate action taken to close these gaps. Improvement in biosecurity and targeted surveillance are therefore considered critical to limit the spread of infection should an outbreak occur.  相似文献   

Effect of Heat Treatment at Different Stages of Rigor on the Quality of Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)     

Tariq Hussain Bhat  Mithilesh Kumar Chouksey  Amjad Khansaheb Balange 《Journal Of Aquatic Food Product Technology》2017,26(7):770-780

Effect of blanching and cooking on the quality of Pacific white shrimp with skeletal muscle severed (by beheading and peeling) at different stages of rigor was evaluated. Peeling and beheading shrimp in post-rigor stage resulted in higher yields compared to shrimp in in-rigor and pre-rigor stages. Weight loss due to blanching/cooking was highest when skeletal muscle was severed in in-rigor stage followed by post- and pre-rigor stages. Highest crude and sarcoplasmic protein contents were found in the shrimp blanched or cooked while in in-rigor stage followed by pre-rigor and post-rigor stages. Hardness, springiness, and chewiness were found to be better in the shrimp blanched in pre-rigor stage. Highest sensory scores for color, appearance, succulence, and odor were found for shrimp blanched or cooked in pre-rigor followed by in-rigor stage. Instrumental analysis of color and texture confirmed the sensory scores.  相似文献   

CATEGORIZATION OF BRASSICA CULTIVARS FOR PHOSPHORUS ACQUISITION FROM PHOSPHATE ROCK ON BASIS OF GROWTH AND IONIC PARAMETERS     

Tariq Aziz  Rahmatullah  M. Aamer Maqsood  M. Sabir  S. Kanwal 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(4):522-533

We categorized sixteen Brassica cultivars for their differential growth response and phosphorus (P) acquisition from phosphate rock (PR) and monoammonium phosphate (MAP). Plants were grown with both P sources in a nutrient solution experiment for 40 days. Cultivars differed significantly (P < 0.01) both for absolute as well as relative values of growth and physiological parameters at both P sources. Phosphorus deficiency in PR treatment significantly depressed biomass production (more than 2.5 times than control) and P concentration (about 1.5 times) in all of the cultivars. ‘Rainbow’ and ‘Poorbi Raya’ produced significantly more relative biomass than other cultivars grown with PR. Cultivars were classified into three classes on the basis of mean values of different parameters and their standard deviation viz low, medium and high. Cultivars were also classified into different classes while regressing biomass and P contents. Cultivars ‘Rainbow’ and ‘Poorbi Raya’ accumulated maximum shoot dry matter (1.21 and 1.27 g dry matter/plant, respectively) grown with phosphate rock, hence were categorized as high biomass producers. Cultivars ‘Rainbow’, ‘KS-74’, and ‘Poorbi Raya’ accumulated maximum P (5.58, 5.24, and 4.81 mg P plant^?1, respectively) from PR and were categorized as high P accumulators. Cultivars with high biomass and high P contents such as ‘Rainbow’ and ‘Poorbi Raya’ at low available P (Rock P) would be used in further screening experiments to improve P efficiency in Brassica.  相似文献   

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Peel Extracts Inhibit Microbial Growth and Lipid Oxidation in Minced Shrimps Stored at 4°C     

Tariq Ismail  Raheel Suleman  Kashif Akram  Aneela Hameed  Inam -u Llah  Mamoona Amir 《Journal Of Aquatic Food Product Technology》2019,28(1):84-92

Pomegranate peel is inherited with diverse functional properties that improve storage stability and nutritional quality of edible goods. This research was aimed at evaluating antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of pomegranate peel hydro-alcoholic extracts and to determine in situ efficacy of extracts in controlling microbial growth and lipid oxidation of shrimp meat. The results suggest that pomegranate peel ethanolic extracts (PoPetx) have significantly higher (p < 0.05) phenolic contents, 169 mg GAE/100 g accompanied with 90% free radical scavenging activities. Contrary to the normal control, incorporation of PoPetx @ 2.0% (w/w) in minced shrimp meat increased thiobarbituric acid reactive species generation by 10% during 28 days of storage at 4°C. Supplementing PoPetx @ 0.5–2.0% (w/w) to shrimp meat has shown a comparable microbial inhibitory action against total plate counts and Staphylococcus spp. The study concludes that application of pomegranate peel extracts in minced shrimp is a viable strategy to preserve chemical and microbiological quality of shrimp and products of sea origin.  相似文献   

In situ hypochlorous acid generation for the treatment of brackish shrimp aquaculture wastewater     

Krishnan Vijayaraghavan  Desa Ahmad  & Tariq Syahman Bin Fadzin 《Aquaculture Research》2008,39(5):449-456

This study presents an unconventional framework for treating shrimp aquaculture wastewater based on in situ hypochlorous acid (HOCl) oxidation. The in situ oxidation process makes use of the salinity present in aquaculture wastewater to generate HOCl. The undivided electrolytic cell consisted of two sets of graphite as the anode and stainless sheets as the cathode. The electrochemical oxidation of shrimp aquaculture wastewater was carried out for an influent COD concentration of 1730 mg L^?1 at current densities of 37.2 and 74.5 mA cm^?2. The results showed that in order to achieve a residual COD concentration of 50±5 mg L^?1 at current densities of 37.2 and 74.5 mA cm^?2, electrolysis periods of 60 and 30 min are required respectively. Hence, for the above‐mentioned current densities, the corresponding energy requirements were found to be 19.4 and 13.3 W h L^?1. The cost incurred in treating 1 m³ of shrimp aquaculture wastewater was found to be RM 4 and 3 when the electrolytic reactor was operated at a current density of 37.2 and 74.5 mA cm^?2 with a salinity of 23‰. The foregoing study highlights the potential of in situ HOCl oxidation in treating brackish shrimp aquaculture wastewater.  相似文献   

A strategy of ideotype development for heat-tolerant wheat     

Smi Ullah  Helen Bramley  Tariq Mahmood  Richard Trethowan 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2020,206(2):229-241

Heat stress significantly limits yield in many wheat-growing areas globally including north-western NSW. While various traits linked to high-temperature tolerance have been identified, the combination of traits that optimize the heat tolerance of wheat has not been established in most environments. A total of 554 genotypes were evaluated in the field at different times of sowing in north-western NSW for three consecutive years to develop a heat-tolerant wheat ideotype for this environment. The later sown experiments were exposed to higher temperatures at the critical reproductive and grain-filling stages of development. The impact of high temperature was greatest at anthesis, and eventual grain yield was reduced by between 4% and 7% with every 1°C rise in average maximum temperature above the optimum of 25°C. High temperature reduced yield, plant height, grain weight and days to anthesis and maturity, and increased the percentage of screenings and grain protein content. Genotypes that produced higher yield under heat stress had shorter days to flowering and maturity, higher NDVI during grain filling, greater chlorophyll content at the milk stage of grain fill, taller plants, greater grain weight and number, and lower screenings compared with the benchmark cultivar Suntop. The genotype closest to the predicted heat-tolerant wheat ideotype identified from trait ranges had 79.6% similarity.  相似文献   

Development of diversity array technology (DArT) markers for assessment of population structure and diversity in Aegilops tauschii     

Quahir Sohail  Tariq Shehzad  Andrezj Kilian  Amin Elsadig Eltayeb  Hiroyuki Tanaka  Hisashi Tsujimoto 《Breeding Science》2012,62(1):38-45

Aegilops tauschii Coss. is the D-genome donor to hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) and is the most promising wild species as a genetic resource for wheat breeding. To study the population structure and diversity of 81 Ae. tauschii accessions collected from various regions of its geographical distribution, the genomic representation of these lines were used to develop a diversity array technology (DArT) marker array. This Ae. tauschii array and a previously developed DArT wheat array were used to scan the genomes of the 81 accessions. Out of 7500 markers (5500 wheat and 2000 Ae. tauschii), 4449 were polymorphic (3776 wheat and 673 Ae. tauschii). Phylogenetic and population structure studies revealed that the accessions could be divided into three groups. The two Ae. tauschii subspecies could also be separately clustered, suggesting that the current taxonomy might be valid. DArT markers are effective to detect very small polymorphisms. The information obtained about Ae. tauschii in the current study could be useful for wheat breeding. In addition, the new DArT array from this Ae. tauschii population is expected to be an effective tool for hexaploid wheat studies.  相似文献   

Evaluation of entomopathogenic fungi and a nematode against the soil-dwelling stages of the crane fly Tipula paludosa     

Ansari MA  Butt TM 《Pest management science》2012,68(10):1337-1344

BACKGROUND: Larvae of the crane fly Tipula paludosa (Diptera: Nematocera) are economically important pests of grasslands, nurseries and organically grown crops. This study was conducted to evaluate several entomopathogenic fungal strains, the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and the organophosphate insecticide Dursban WG (75% chlorpyrifos) against larval stages of T. paludosa under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. RESULTS: Metarhizium robertsii strain V1005 was the most virulent, causing 100% larval mortality 4 weeks post-inoculation. Eight other M. robertsii strains and M. brunneum (ARSEF 3297) caused mortality ranging between 0 and 60%, whereas strains of Beauveria bassiana, Isaria fumosorosea and Lecanicillium longisporum were non-pathogenic to T. paludosa. In greenhouse tests, medium (2 × 10¹⁴ conidia ha⁻¹) and high (2 × 10¹⁶ conidia ha⁻¹) concentrations of V1005 gave higher larval mortalities (90 and 100%) than lower (2 × 10¹³ conidia ha⁻¹) concentrations (52 and 78%) at 4 and 8 weeks after treatment respectively. Dursban WG gave 100% larval mortality 4 weeks after treatment; H. bacteriophora UWS1 caused 28 and 65% mortality 4 and 8 weeks after treatment respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that M. robertsii V1005 has considerable potential for the control of T. paludosa, thereby reducing the use of chemical insecticides. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Risk factors associated with prevalence and major bacterial causes of mastitis in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) under different production systems     

Ahmad S  Yaqoob M  Bilal MQ  Muhammad G  Yang LG  Khan MK  Tariq M 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,44(1):107-112

A cross-sectional study was conducted in desert environment of Jhang (Pakistan) from November 2008 to October 2009 on she-camels kept under pastoralist conditions to determine the prevalence of mastitis, impact of risk factors, and isolate the dominant mastitis-causing bacteria on total of 150 lactating she-camels by using clinical examination and surf field mastitis test. From the 150 she-camels examined, 69 (46%) were positive for mastitis at animal level, 12 (8%) clinical, and 57 (38%) subclinical. Age, parity number, stage of lactation, breed, production system, hygiene of milking process, and presence of lesion on udder/teat were found significantly associated (p < 0.05) with the prevalence of mastitis in she-camels. There was the lowest prevalence (33.33%; 15 of 45) of mastitis in she-camels of 5–7 years of age, while the highest (80%; 12 of 15) in the animals aged between 14 to 16 years. Stage of lactation significantly affected (p < 0.05) and was found to be associated with the prevalence of mastitis being the highest (54.55%; 18 of 33) during the initial stage of lactation (0 to 1 month) followed by last 2 months (10–12 months) as 54.17% and mid-stages (1–3 and 3–10 months) of lactation as 28.57% (6 of 21) and 37.50% (9 of 24), respectively. According to breed of camels, it was noted that the prevalence of mastitis affected significantly (p < 0.05) being the highest in crossbred (Desi × Mareecha) as 51.39% (37 of 72) followed in order by Mareecha and Desi as 43.14% and 37.04%, respectively. Staphylococcus (42.19%) and Streptococcus (15.63%) genera were the dominant isolates identified. Good hygiene in milking process, milking clinically infected she-camels at last, culling chronic mastitis carriers, treating clinically infected she-camels, and dry period therapy could reduce the prevalence of contagious mastitis in the study area.  相似文献   

Factors affecting yield and composition of camel milk kept under desert conditions of central Punjab, Pakistan     

Ahmad S  Yaqoob M  Bilal MQ  Khan MK  Muhammad G  Yang LG  Tariq M 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,44(7):1403-1410

This study was planned to study the herd composition, farming system, and reproductive traits and to evaluate the effect of season, stage of lactation and parity on milk production, and composition of camels kept under pastoral environment of central Punjab, Pakistan. Based on purposive sampling method, 50 herds belonging to small, medium, and large-sized herds were selected. From these herds, 1,137 she-camels were entered in this study and their composite milk samples were collected and analyzed through standard procedures to determine the milk yield and percentages of milk contents. The results showed that the male camels constituted a lesser percentage (p?相似文献