Soil microbiome biomass,activity, composition and CO2 emissions in a long-term organic and conventional farming systems     

Margherita Santoni  Leonardo Verdi  Shamina Imran Pathan  Marco Napoli  Anna Dalla Marta  Francesca Romana Dani  Gaio Cesare Pacini  Maria Teresa Ceccherini 《Soil Use and Management》2023,39(1):588-605

The implementation of environmentally friendly agricultural policies has increased the need to compare agricultural aspects of conventional (CON) and organic farming (ORG) systems. The objective of the present work was to compare the effects of an organic and conventional long-term experiment on bacterial and fungal biomass and activity, as well as soil CO₂ emission and readily available nitrogen forms in a soil cultivated with Helianthus annuus L. The microbial biomass was more active and abundant in ORG as well as soil CO₂ emission. Despite being less abundant, fungi were more active than bacteria in both ORG and CON experiments. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that the ORG treatment had a significantly greater bacterial richness than CON. Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria were the most abundant phyla contributing more than others to the differences between the two systems. Moreover, the soil ${\mathit{NH}}_4^{+}$ and ${\mathit{NO}}_2^{-}$ content was not significantly different between ORG and CON, while ${\mathit{NO}}_3^{-}$ was less in ORG. ORG sunflower yield was significantly less compared with CON. While much remains to be discovered about the effects of these agricultural practices on soil chemical properties and microbial diversity, our findings may contribute to this type of investigation.  相似文献   

Standardization of canine meningioma grading: Validation of new guidelines for reproducible histopathologic criteria     

Sara Belluco  Giuseppe Marano  Thibaut Lurier  Giancarlo Avallone  Chiara Brachelente  Stefano Di Palma  Roberta Rasotto  Kerstin Baiker  Andreas Beineke  Anna Oevermann  Frauke Seehusen  Fabiano José Ferreira de Sant'Ana  Patrizia Boracchi  Martí Pumarola  Maria Teresa Mandara 《Veterinary and comparative oncology》2023,21(4):685-699

Canine meningiomas are currently graded using the human grading system. Recently published guidelines have adapted the human grading system for use in dogs. The goal of this study was to validate the new guidelines for canine meningiomas. To evaluate the inter-observer agreement, 5 veterinary surgical pathologists graded 158 canine meningiomas following the human grading system alone or with the new guidelines. The inter-observer agreement for histologic grade and each of the grading criteria (mitotic grade, invasion, spontaneous necrosis, macronucleoli, small cells, hypercellularity, pattern loss and anaplasia) was evaluated using the Fleiss kappa index. The diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity and specificity) was assessed by comparing the diagnoses obtained with the 2 grading systems with a consensus grade (considered the reference classification). The consensus histologic grade was obtained by agreement between 4 experienced veterinary neuropathologists following the guidelines. Compared with the human grading alone, the canine-specific guidelines increased the inter-observer agreement for: histologic grade (κ = 0.52); invasion (κ = 0.67); necrosis (κ = 0.62); small cells (κ = 0.36); pattern loss (κ = 0.49) and anaplasia (κ = 0.55). Mitotic grade agreement remained substantial (κ = 0.63). The guidelines improved the sensitivity in identifying grade 1 (95.6%) and the specificity in identifying grade 2 (96.2%) meningiomas. In conclusion, the new grading guidelines for canine meningiomas are associated with an overall improvement in the inter-observer agreement and higher diagnostic accuracy in diagnosing grade 1 and grade 2 meningiomas.  相似文献   

Study on Different Emulsifiers to Retain Fatty Fraction During Extrusion of Fatty Flours     

Teresa De Pilli  Roma Giuliani  Barbara F. Carbone  Antonio Derossi  Carla Severini 《Cereal Chemistry》2005,82(5):494-498

Doughs made from wheat and almond flours, water, and five types of emulsifiers commonly used in confectionary and bakery products (soy lecithin, sucrose esters, mono‐glycerides, mono‐ and di‐glycerides of fatty acids, and diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides [DATEM]) were studied. To evaluate the additive ability to retain the fatty fraction during the extrusion process, electrical conductivity was measured and fat loss (%) that occurs during extrusion processing was determined. The electrical conductivity measurements showed that the lower and better concentration of soy lecithin and mixed mono‐ and di‐glycerides of fatty acids to obtain an oil‐water emulsion was 0.2 g/100 g of dough, while for sucrose esters and mono‐glycerides of fatty acids, it was 0.7 g/100 g of dough. No efficacy for DATEM was observed. The fat loss results showed that sucrose esters were the most suitable emulsifiers for retaining the fatty fraction during extrusion processing, even at a very low amounts (2 g/kg of dough).  相似文献