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81.
In the Mekong delta, backyard pig rearing plays an integral role in recycling nutrients in farming systems and generating valuable cash income. However, development has been hampered by fatal epizootics of piglets and reproductive failure of sows. Diseases are named by symptoms and blindly treated with antibiotics. As antibiotics are often ineffectual, involvement of viral diseases are suspected. To identify the causative agent, we first sero-surveyed porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) and pseudorabies with 478 sera from non-vaccinated pigs collected from backyard farms, state farms and slaughterhouses in Can Tho province between 1999 and 2002. Antibodies for PRRS were first detected in 2002 in backyard farms and at high prevalence in state farms with increased piglet mortality. A few backyard breeder pigs had antibodies for pseudorabies in 2000 and 2002. With compulsory classical swine fever (CSF) vaccination, we examined the relationship between vaccination and antibodies in 70 serum samples. Seventy-nine percent of vaccinated breeders had CSF antibodies-higher than expected with irregular vaccination. Since circulation of CSF virus was suspected, isolation was attempted at 10 farms with fatal epizootics between 2002 and 2003. The viruses were detected at all farms and clustered within genogroup 2, despite vaccines corresponding to genogroup 1. This study demonstrated virologically/serologically the existence of PRRS, pseudorabies and CSF viruses in the Mekong delta of Vietnam. We also identified CSF as a cause of piglet mortality that disastrously affected backyard farming. Vaccine standardization and proper instructions are needed to simplify diagnosis and complement established simultaneous vaccination of sows with piglets.  相似文献   
82.
Since late 2003, highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza A viruses have spread among poultry and wild aquatic birds in Asian countries. Transmission of these viruses to humans can be lethal. Most human cases of infection with H5N1 viruses have occurred in Vietnam. Therefore, to understand the pathogenicity in mammals of these H5N1 viruses, we took viruses isolated from poultry (5 strains) and humans (2 strains) in Vietnam and tested their virulence in mice. The results showed that the H5N1 viruses from humans were pathogenic in mice and that one avian isolate was also pathogenic. These findings suggested that the H5N1 viruses circulating in poultry adapted during replication in humans or that strains pathogenic in mice were transmitted directly to humans.  相似文献   
83.
Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A viruses have been spreading among domestic poultry, wild aquatic birds, and humans in many Asian countries since 2003. The largest number of patients, to date, infected with the H5N1 viruses are in Vietnam, where these viruses continue to cause outbreaks in domestic poultry. Here, we molecularly characterized the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of nine H5N1 viruses isolated between January 2004 and August 2005 from domestic poultry in Vietnam. We found that several groups of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses are circulating among these birds, which suggests that H5N1 viruses of different lineages have been introduced into Vietnam multiple times.  相似文献   
84.
Fisheries Science - The Silond catfish Silonia silondia, locally known as Nga Myin Yinn, is a commercially important fish in Myanmar; however, fundamental knowledge of its population structure is...  相似文献   
85.
This paper analyzes the relationship between the performance of incumbent firms and the net entry of new firms by combining various theoretical views of entrepreneurship. Different regression models to treat dynamics and endogeneity issues are applied to test the research hypothesis with regional micro‐data for 61 Vietnamese provinces from 2000 to 2008. The main finding is that net entry is associated with the performance of incumbent firms and the overall performance of the economy. Incumbents' growth and gross domestic product growth induce changes in the existing production system and stimulate the creation of an economic environment more favourable to new firm formation. Consistent with the hypotheses put forward within the “knowledge spillover,” the “error‐correction,” and other approaches, incumbents may generate new entrepreneurial opportunities not only for themselves but also for the whole society.  相似文献   
86.
The weaver ant, Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), has long been known as perhaps the first example of human manipulation of a natural predator population to enhance the natural biological control of insect pests. The practice of ant husbandry in Vietnamese citrus orchards and the knowledge associated with the use of weaver ants in the Mekong delta are described. In contrast to other regions of Asia, where weaver ants are noted for their role in the protection of citrus from insect damage, citrus farmers in the Mekong delta explain the benefits of ant husbandry in terms of an improvement in fruit quality, likened to the influence of fertilizers, that occurs in direct response to excretory products deposited by the weaver ants as they patrol the fruit. A series of tests, carried out in 1993–94, rated the external shine, sweetness, juiciness, and overall appeal, as characteristics of fruit quality, for paired comparisons of sweet orange, mandarin, and pummelo fruit that had been grown in the presence of weaver ants or from which ants had been excluded. The tests indicate a strong influence of the presence of the weaver ant on external shine, juiciness, and overall appeal for each of the citrus fruits, but particularly for mandarin. The significance of these results and ant husbandry practices in the Mekong delta are discussed in relation to the development of citrus production in Vietnam.  相似文献   
87.

Purpose

Understanding soil heterotrophic respiration in relation to microbial properties is not only fundamental to soil respiration modelling, prediction, and regulation through management, but also essential to interpreting microbial community dynamics from an ecologically meaningful perspective. This paper reviewed the recent advances in knowledge and proposed future directions for exploring the respiration-microbe relationships by means of rDNA- or rRNA-based indices (i.e. rDNA copies, rRNA copies, and rDNA- or rRNA-based community structures).

Materials and methods

We first elucidated the theoretical basis for using rDNA- or rRNA-based indices to probe into soil microbial respiration. Then, the published studies that simultaneously measured soil microbial respiration and the rDNA- or rRNA-based indices were synthesized, extracted, and analysed to further explore the respiration-microbe relationships. At last, the uncertainties and perspectives for establishing the respiration-microbe links were proposed and discussed.

Results and discussion

The rDNA- or rRNA-based indices are theoretically promising for pinpointing the relationships between soil heterotrophic respiration and microbial properties. Our systematic review suggested that the correlations between bacterial rDNA copies and microbial respiration are inconsistent across studies, while the fungal and archaeal rDNA (or ITS) copies showed moderately positive and negative correlations with soil microbial respiration, respectively. Bacterial 16S rDNA-based community structures were significantly correlated with soil microbial respiration in some studies, but not in some short-term situations. Although rRNA copies are widely used as the proxies of microbial activity, no significant correlations between rRNA copies and soil microbial respiration have been found in previous studies. Bacterial 16S rRNA-based community structures were correlated well with the short-term responses of soil microbial respiration to rewetting or labile carbon amendments and clearly outperformed other rDNA- or rRNA-based indices. As respiration-microbe relationships can be affected by many factors, such as soil physicochemical properties and even the analysis methods of microbial indices, the 69 previous studies included in this review actually provided limited information on them, and the aforementioned results still need to be further confirmed in future studies.

Conclusions and perspectives

Overall, the relationships between soil microbial respiration and rDNA- or rRNA-based indices are still far from being well established. Future research should be directed to systematically understanding the respiration-microbe links, with more attention to the fungus-, archaea- and RNA-related molecular indices. The relationships between microbial specific lineages and total respiration rates should be explored in future studies, and the effects of edaphic properties on the respiration-microbe relationships should also be evaluated.
  相似文献   
88.
水稻籽粒性状的SSR关联分析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
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89.
90.
1 品种来源及选育经过沈单 1 1号 (原沈试 2 8号 )为黄色马齿型中晚熟杂交种 ,组配于 1 990年 ,亲本自交系为沈 1 35和丹 340。 1 998年 3月通过辽宁省农作物品种审定委员会审定。沈单 1 1号于 1 991~ 1 997年先后参加了院内产量鉴定试验、品种比较试验和辽宁省预备试验、区域试验、生产试验及多点试验 ,具有高产、优质、多抗、抗逆性强等特点 ,是一个增产潜力较大的优良玉米杂交种。2 品种特征特性2 .1 形态特征沈单 1 1号在幼苗期叶色深绿 ,叶鞘紫红 ,长势强 ,成株株高 2 75cm ,穗位 1 2 2cm ,穗长 2 2cm ,穗粗 5.8cm ,穗行数…  相似文献   
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