Changes in socio-economic differences in food habits over time     

Seiluri T  Lahelma E  Rahkonen O  Lallukka T 《Public health nutrition》2011,14(11):1919-1926

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Effect of heat treatment on the proximate composition,energy values,and levels of some toxicants in African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) seed varieties     

Onyeike EN  Omubo-Dede TT 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2002,57(3-4):223-231

The effects of heat treatments on the proximate composition, energy content, and levels of some antinutritional factors in brown and marble-colored African yam bean (AYB) seed flours were investigated. In raw brown and marble-colored AYB seed flours; moisture content, dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, ash, total carbohydrate and caloric value did not differ significantly at the 5% level. Autoclaving and cooking slightly increased the moisture level. Crude protein, crude fat, and ash contents were decreased by autoclaving and were further decreased by cooking. The decrease was not, however, considerable for the AYB that is not eaten raw and whose full nutritional potential as a legume can be derived only when heat treated, as previous reports have indicated for legume seeds.The levels of the toxicants were generally higher in the raw brown AYB compared to the marble-colored, and were generally reduced by both autoclaving and cooking. In the most commonly available and consumed marble-colored AYB, autoclaving at 121 ^°C, 15 psi for 20 min decreased cyanogenic glycosides by 46%, oxalate by 48.9%, tannin by 15.0%, saponin by 14.8% and trypsin inhibitors by 61.3% while cooking for 3.5 hours in tap water decreased these toxic factors by 66.5%, 70.3%, 72.2%, 48.7%, and 86.0%, respectively.The results indicate that for raw samples, varietal difference did not significantly affect nutrient composition though the toxicants were generally higher in the brown AYB than the marble-colored. Autoclaving decreased both nutrient value and the level of toxicants in the two seed types; values were further reduced by cooking. Of the toxicants, trypsin inhibitor was found to be the most heat-labile and of the heat treatment methods, cooking to tenderness is recommendable.  相似文献   

Anthropogenic landscapes support fewer rare bee species     

Harrison  Tina  Gibbs  Jason  Winfree  Rachael 《Landscape Ecology》2019,34(5):967-978

Landscape Ecology - The response of rare species to human land use is poorly known because rarity is difficult to study; however, it is also important because rare species compose most of...  相似文献   

Oral supplementation with L-lysine did not prevent upper respiratory infection in a shelter population of cats     

Rees TM  Lubinski JL 《Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery》2008,10(5):510-513

Cats in animal shelters are highly susceptible to infection by feline herpesvirus (FHV) by virtue of their stress and close proximity to other cats. Animal shelters take several different approaches to prevent FHV-related upper respiratory infections (URIs), including empirically treating all cats with L-lysine, a supplement believed to prevent the replication of FHV and, therefore, manifestations of herpesvirus infections. In this study we tested oral supplementation of L-lysine as a means to prevent URIs. One hundred and forty-four cats were treated with L-lysine in a small amount of canned food once daily. A 'no treatment' group of 147 cats received no lysine during the course of the study. The development of conjunctivitis or URI was tracked between the two groups. In all measures, there was no effect between the two groups, suggesting that lysine was not able to prevent URI or conjunctivitis in our shelter situation. Cats entering shelters encounter stressors that may make them more susceptible to FHV reactivation or infection. Infection control and control of fomite transmission are also key to keeping cats healthy in a group housing situation. The finding that lysine did not prevent URI in this animal shelter suggests that shelters may better use their resources by finding ways to decrease stress among their feline population, focusing on proper infection control measures, and limiting fomite transmission of disease.  相似文献   

Congratulatory remarks from Wiley,the publishing partner of Integrative Zoology          下载免费PDF全文

Tina WANG 《Integrative zoology》2016,11(6):426-426

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Transsphenoidal surgery: accuracy of an image‐guided neuronavigation system to approach the pituitary fossa (sella turcica)          下载免费PDF全文

Tina J. Owen DVM  Dipl ACVS  Annie V. Chen DVM  MS  Dipl ACVIM  Stephen Frey PhD  Linda G. Martin DVM  MS  Dipl ACVECC  Tobin Kalebaugh BS 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2018,47(5):664-671

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The Yerkes Observatory: Past,Present, and Future     

Struve O 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1947,106(2749):217-220

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Carbon loads, forms and sequestration potential within ash deposits produced by wildfire: new insights from the 2009 ‘Black Saturday’ fires, Australia     

Cristina Santín  Stefan H. Doerr  Richard A. Shakesby  Rob Bryant  Gary J. Sheridan  Patrick N. J. Lane  Hugh G. Smith  Tina L. Bell 《European Journal of Forest Research》2012,131(4):1245-1253

Forest fires release substantial amounts of carbon (C). Much of it is emitted to the atmosphere, but some is deposited within ash on the ground. Little is known about amount and types of C deposited in ash. Here, we quantify total C, and total inorganic, water-soluble and particulate organic fractions deposited in ash during the catastrophic 2009 ‘Black Saturday’ wildfires in Australia. These fires coincided with the highest air temperatures and lowest humidity ever recorded in the local area, which, combined with high fuel loads of mostly long unburnt eucalypt forests, generated extreme burning conditions. In three mixed-species eucalypt forest sites sampled, the canopy, understorey and litter fuels were almost completely consumed, resulting in substantial ash deposition (mean, 81.9 t ha^?1), with 5.9 t ha^?1 of C being transferred from vegetation to the forest floor. In five temperate rainforest sites sampled, the canopy was not burnt and ash deposition was lower (mean, 48.3 t ha^?1) than in the mixed-species eucalypt forest, but overall their higher C content resulted in higher C deposition (8.1 t ha^?1). In all cases, most C contained in ash was organic and its pyrogenic nature infers increased resistance to degradation. Pyrogenic C is viewed by many as an important C sink, which could contribute to long-term C sequestration when incorporated into soils or sediments. Our results highlight the potential importance of the pyrogenic C pool in freshly deposited ash and, therefore, the necessity of a systematic and detailed analysis of ash deposition and C forms in ash to improve our understanding of C fluxes by forest fires.  相似文献   

Mustelidae are natural hosts of Staphylococcus delphini group A     

Guardabassi L  Schmidt KR  Petersen TS  Espinosa-Gongora C  Moodley A  Agersø Y  Olsen JE 《Veterinary microbiology》2012,159(3-4):351-353

According to the current taxonomy, the Staphylococcus intermedius group (SIG) comprises of at least three distinct species. While S. intermedius and S. pseudintermedius are associated with specific hosts (pigeons and dogs, respectively), the natural host of S. delphini remains unclear. We analysed 158 SIG isolates from less studied animal species belonging to the order Carnivora, including mink (n=118), fox (n=33), badger (n=6) and ferret (n=1). Species identification was performed by nuc PCR in combination with sodA sequence analysis and pta PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The results showed a consistent association between host and bacterial species. All isolates from minks, ferret and badgers belonged to S. delphini group A, whereas all fox isolates except one were identified as S. pseudintermedius. The remaining fox isolate belonged to S. delphini group A. The results indicate that Mustelidae such as minks, ferrets and badgers are natural hosts of S. delphini group A. This is in contrast with Canidae, which are primarily colonized and infected with S. pseudintermedius. These findings suggest that coagulase-positive staphylococcal species may have evolved and diverged through host adaptation.  相似文献   

Cloning and analysis of the gene for a major surface antigen of Mycoplasma gallisepticum     

Spencer DL  Kurth KT  Menon SA  VanDyk T  Minion FC 《Avian diseases》2002,46(4):816-825

Myplasma gallisepticum infects a wide variety of gallineaceous birds including chickens, turkeys, and pheasants. Infection occurs both horizontally and vertically. Thus, control of the spread of M. gallisepticum to noninfected flocks is difficult. Continual monitoring is necessary to identify infected flocks even under the most stringent infectious control practices. Monitoring, however, is usually performed by measuring hemagglutination activity (HA) in serum, an insensitive and variable test. Variability in the HA test arises differences in agglutination antigen, changes in antigenic profiles of the M. gallisepticum strain, and variability in reading the agglutination reaction. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are the preferred method of testing because of the ease in obtaining sera and the sensitivity and reproducibility of the assays, but the ELISA suffers from a lack of standardization in the test antigen. The ELISA test will be more easily accepted once the test antigen has been standardized. To this end, we have identified, cloned, and characterized the gene for an antigen that has potential as a species-specific antigen for M. gallisepticum The gene codes for a 75-kD protein, P75, that is recognized during natural infections. Recombinant P75 is not recognized in immunoblots by convalescent sera produced in chickens infected with Mycoplasma synoviae, Mycoplasma gallinarum, and Mycoplasma gallinaceum or in turkeys infected with Mycoplasma meleagridis.  相似文献