The implications of a feelings-based approach to fish welfare: a reply to Arlinghaus et al.     

Felicity Huntingford  Colin Adams  Victoria A. Braithwaite  Sunil Kadri  Tom G. Pottinger  Peter Sandoe  & James F. Turnbull 《Fish and Fisheries》2007,8(3):277-280

The welfare of fish is a topic of increasing debate touching on a number of complex scientific and ethical issues and constructive dialogue between groups with differing approaches to the topic requires mutual understanding from both perspectives. In a recent review aimed at stimulating debate on this topic, Arlinghaus et al. (2007) explore the question of fish welfare in the particular context of recreational angling, by means of a critique of a review of fish welfare in general written by ourselves ( Huntingford et al. 2006 ). We entirely agree with the desirability of debate on this topic and recognize a number of valuable qualities in the commentary by Arlinghaus et al. However, we argue that the critique has some serious flaws. In the first place, by rejecting a feelings‐based approach to welfare, it fails to address the aspect of welfare that is at the heart of much legitimate public concern. Secondly, while advocating an objective, scientific approach to fish welfare, Arlinghaus et al. fail to present their own agenda (that recreational angling is morally acceptable) in a transparent way. Thirdly, they seriously misrepresent the position taken in Huntingford et al. (2006) on a number of important issues. In this reply, we address these points and then discuss briefly the areas of agreement and constructive disagreement between the two reviews.  相似文献   

Endocrine growth regulation of adult Atlantic salmon in seawater: The effects of light regime on plasma growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I, and insulin levels     

Ulla Nordgarden  Tom Hansen  Gro-Ingunn Hemre  Anne Sundby  Bjrn Thrandur Bjrnsson 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2005,250(3-4):862-871

Plasma growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and insulin were measured in two groups of Salmo salar L. during a one-year study. The fish were reared under either a simulated natural photoperiod (SNP) from January to December or a regime of continuous light from January to June, followed by SNP until December (LL/SNP). Plasma GH levels during spring were low, and lower in the LL/SNP fish (< 0.9 ng ml^− 1) than in the SNP fish (> 1.9 ng ml^− 1), although the LL/SNP grew better (0.8% per day) than the SNP fish (0.5% per day). Plasma IGF-I levels increased transiently from January (64.7 ng ml^− 1) to maximum in late September in the LL/SNP (85.8 ng ml^− 1) and in November in the SNP group (87.3 ng ml^− 1). The ratio GH:IGF-I was lower in the LL/SNP group during spring when this group grew better than the SNP group.  相似文献   

Variations in the Social Networks of Forest Owners: The Effect of Management Activity,Resource Professionals,and Ownership Size     

Tatyana B. Ruseva  Tom P. Evans  Burnell C. Fischer 《Small-Scale Forestry》2014,13(3):377-395

Social networks play an important role in the communication of information among forest owners and how owners process that information in making land management decisions. This article examines variations in the social network characteristics of family forest owners using survey data and interviews with 42 owners in south-central Indiana. We examine how network structure and content vary by harvesting activity, information sources, ownership attributes, sociodemographic characteristics, and location. Quantitative measures of network size and diversity, along with a qualitative understanding of network content and function are discussed and compared for active and passive forest managers. We find that active managers (people who had a recent timber harvest) had at least twice as many social ties related to forest management compared to passive managers, particularly after accounting for parcel ownership size, forest area, and total landholding size. Learning and service were the main functions of these networks, with learning being the most frequently cited reason for talking to others regardless of the management profile of forest owners. The study contributes to a growing interest in mixed-methods approaches to network studies and research on social networks in private forestry.  相似文献   

The mineral content affects vertebral morphology in underyearling smolt of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)     

Per Gunnar Fjelldal  Ulla Nordgarden  Tom Hansen 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2007,270(1-4):231-239

This study investigated the individual variation in vertebral morphology and mineral content (as % of bone dry weight) in rapid growing underyearling smolt (n = 33) twelve weeks after transfer to seawater. The smolt, which were reared in triplicate tanks, had a large individual variation in vertebral bone mineral content (Tank A: 36.2% min, 45.2% max, 39.6% mean. Tank B: 32.6% min, 46.6% max, 40.0% mean. Tank C: 38.5% min, 47.9% max, 42.4% mean), and were subdivided into two groups based on mean within each tank: high mineral content (HMC, above tank mean, n = 15) and low mineral content (LMC, below tank mean, n = 18). Vertebrae of smolt with a low mineral content were more compressed in the anterior–posterior direction (HMC vertebral length/dorso-ventral diameter ratio 0.83, LMC 0.80). This was related to a change in the growth direction of the vertebral cone. This change occurred around transfer to seawater and was characterised by an increased angle between the wall of the cone of the vertebrae and the cranial–caudal axis, and gave the vertebrae a compressed appearance. Smolt with a high mineral content were significantly longer (HMC 28.1 cm, LMC 26.5 cm) and heavier (HMC 270 g, LMC 210 g) twelve weeks after transfer to seawater.  相似文献   

Heritability and predicted gain from selection in components of crop duration in divergent chickpea cross populations     

Yadeta Anbessa  Tom Warkentin  Albert Vandenberg  Manjula Bandara 《Euphytica》2006,152(1):1-8

Genetic analysis of ten quantitative traits related to crop duration in chickpea was carried out using three F ₂ sib-populations; 272-2 × CDC Anna, 298T-9 × CDC Anna and 298T-9 × CDC Frontier. F ₃ and F ₄ families from these populations were further evaluated for traits found important in the initial study. Also, 112 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of chickpea cross ICCV 2 × JG 62 were evaluated for days to flowering, days to maturity and reproductive period. An analysis of the F ₂ population data using the mixed model approach revealed that the additive component of variance was significant for days to flowering, days to first podding and days to first pod maturity, while dominance genetic variance was significant for morphological components of crop duration such as height to first pod and height at flowering. Comparatively high heritability estimates (39–48%) were obtained for days to flowering, days to first pod maturity, percent pod maturity at four months after planting and days to maturity based on offspring-parent (F ₄ and F ₃ generations) regression and/or analysis of variance for the RIL population. The predicted gain from selection as a percentage of the population mean was low (5% or less) for these key components of crop duration owing to the low variability detected within the populations, the exception being percent pod maturity. To maximize gain from selection in these traits, it is therefore, essential to increase genetic variability among the progenies, potentially through multi-parent crosses that may involve gene introgression from across desi and kabuli types of chickpea and from wild progenitors.  相似文献   

Intestinal ellagitannin metabolites ameliorate cytokine-induced inflammation and associated molecular markers in human colon fibroblasts     

Giménez-Bastida JA  Larrosa M  González-Sarrías A  Tomás-Barberán F  Espín JC  García-Conesa MT 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(36):8866-8876

Pomegranate ellagitannins (ETs) are transformed in the gut to ellagic acid (EA) and its microbiota metabolites, urolithin A (Uro-A) and urolithin B (Uro-B). These compounds exert anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Uro-A, Uro-B, and EA on colon fibroblasts, cells that play a key role in intestinal inflammation. CCD18-Co colon fibroblasts were exposed to a mixture of Uro-A, Uro-B, and EA, at concentrations comparable to those found in the colon (40 μM Uro-A, 5 μM Uro-B, 1 μM EA), both in the presence or in the absence of IL-1β (1 ng/mL) or TNF-α (50 ng/mL), and the effects on fibroblast migration and monocyte adhesion were determined. The levels of several growth factors and adhesion cytokines were also measured. The mixture of metabolites significantly inhibited colon fibroblast migration (～70%) and monocyte adhesion to fibroblasts (～50%). These effects were concomitant with a significant down-regulation of the levels of PGE(2), PAI-1, and IL-8, as well as other key regulators of cell migration and adhesion. Of the three metabolites tested, Uro-A exhibited the most significant anti-inflammatory effects. The results show that a combination of the ET metabolites found in colon, urolithins and EA, at concentrations achievable in the intestine after the consumption of pomegranate, was able to moderately improve the inflammatory response of colon fibroblasts and suggest that consumption of ET-containing foods has potential beneficial effects on gut inflammatory diseases.  相似文献   

The influence of microclimate on foraging and sheltering behaviours of terrestrial isopods: Implications for soil carbon dynamics under climate change     

Natália Dias  Mark Hassall  Tom Waite 《Pedobiologia》2012,55(3):137-144

In south east England climate change is predicted to include decreases in periodicity of rainfall events during summer, resulting in more, longer periods of drought. In many temperate regions these changes will affect foraging strategies of soil animals, including arthropod macro-decomposers such as terrestrial isopods. We investigated activity budgets under drier (50%) and moisture (90%) relative humidity conditions, for three species: Porcellio scaber, Oniscus asellus and Armadillidium vulgare, representing three families, which have different morphological adaptations to the terrestrial environment. In the drier environment all three species spent more time sheltering, less time feeding and less time in other activities. Costs of foraging were estimated by monitoring loss of body mass for 7 h. This loss was twice as high under the lower humidity regime. On the basis of morphological traits, two members of the Oniscidae: O. asellus and Philoscia muscorum, differing in eco-morphological strategies, were predicted to be more susceptible to desiccation than members of the Porcellionidae or Amadillidiidae. Members of the Oniscidae lost mass most quickly and also suffered higher mortality in the drier atmosphere. A cost of spending more time sheltering was that consumption of high quality food by Porcellio scaber was significantly reduced in the drier environment. The trade-off between energy gain by feeding and increased probability of survivorship by sheltering, is illustrated using an isopleth model. Changes in the extent to which the soil fauna will stimulate microbial metabolism and hence soil carbon dioxide emissions, under future conditions of climate change are predicted.  相似文献   

Effect of Flavan-3-ols on the Adhesion of Potential Probiotic Lactobacilli to Intestinal Cells     

I Bustos  T García-Cayuela  B Hernández-Ledesma  C Peláez  T Requena  MC Martínez-Cuesta 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(36):9082-9088

The effect of dietary flavan-3-ols on the adhesion of potential probiotic lactobacilli strains to intestinal cells was unraveled. The inhibitory activity of these compounds on intestinal cells was highlighted. The cytotoxic effect was shown to depend on both the compound's chemical structure (galloylation and polymerization) and degree of differentiation of intestinal cells. The effect of flavan-3-ols on bacteria adhesion differed greatly between compounds, strains, and intestinal cells. All flavan-3-ols inhibited significantly Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 and Lactobacillus plantarum IFPL379 adhesion except epigallocatechin gallate, which enhanced L. acidophilus LA-5 adhesion to Caco-2. Procyanidins B1 and B2 increased remarkably the adhesion of Lactobacillus casei LC115 to HT-29 cells, whereas epigallocatechin increased L. casei LC115 adhesion to Caco-2. These data showed the potential of flavan-3-ols to alter gut microecology by modifying adhesion of lactobacilli strains to intestinal cells.  相似文献   

Development of a phenol-enriched olive oil with both its own phenolic compounds and complementary phenols from thyme     

Rubió L  Motilva MJ  Macià A  Ramo T  Romero MP 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(12):3105-3112

Besides affecting the oil's sensorial characteristics, the presence of herbs and spices has an impact on the nutritional value of the flavored oils. The aim of the study was to develop a new product based on the phenol-enrichment of a virgin olive oil with both its own phenolic compounds (secoiridoid derivatives) plus additional complementary phenols from thyme (flavonoids). We studied the effect of the addition of phenolic extracts (olive cake and thyme) on phenolic composition, oxidative stability, antioxidant activity, and bitter sensory attribute of olive oils. Results showed that flavonoids from thyme appeared to have higher transference ratios (average 89.7%) from the phenolic extract to oil, whereas secoiridoids from olive presented lower transference ratios (average 35.3%). The bitter sensory attribute of the phenol-enriched oils diminished with an increase of the concentration of phenols from thyme, which might denote an improvement in the consumer acceptance.  相似文献   

Polyphenols and health: current state and progress     

Tomás-Barberán FA  Andrés-Lacueva C 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(36):8773-8775

During the 5th International Conference on Polyphenols and Health that was held in Sitges (Spain) in October 2011, the latest advances in this area of active research were presented. Sessions on polyphenol effects on cardiovascular disease, polyphenols as ingredients of functional foods, the role of polyphenols in preventing obesity and diabetes, the interaction of polyphenols with gut microbiota, bioavailability and metabolism of polyphenols in humans, the mechanisms of action of these metabolites in different models, new methodologies for the study of the role of polyphenols in health, polyphenols and cancer, recent developments in phenolic compounds and neuroscience, and polyphenols in epidemiology and public health were organized. This highlight issue presents a selection of papers from invited speakers, oral presentations, and poster prize winners. The perspectives for this exciting area of very active research were also discussed at the meeting and are summarized in this introductory paper.  相似文献