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61.
Tomoya Matsuyama Yasunori Nakajima Kazuo Matsuya Makoto Ikenaga Susumu Asakawa Makoto Kimura 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2007,39(2):463-472
Plant residues (PRs) are “hot spots” of microbial activities in soil. PRs with the size more than 0.5 mm were collected from a Japanese paddy field during rice cultivation period (from May to September) and fractionated into four categories by size (>4, 2-4, 1-2, and 0.5-1 mm) using sieves. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) patterns were compared among the fractions after DNA extraction from the PRs and PCR amplification. The total amount of PRs with the size over 0.5 mm decreased in the field with the first-order kinetics (r2=0.810, p<0.01) with time from rice transplanting to harvest. RFLP analysis showed that the bacterial community structure in PRs with the 0.5-2 mm fraction was different from that in PRs with the >2 mm fraction and the latter community structure changed after the midseason drainage. In contrast, the DGGE patterns of the bacterial community in the PRs indicated the succession from June to September during rice cultivation forming three major groups irrespective of the fraction size. Sequence analysis of DGGE bands showed that Firmicutes (clostridia), α-, γ-, δ-Proteobacteria (myxobacteria), Nitrospira, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia and Spirochaetes were predominant members in the PRs irrespective of fraction size. 相似文献
62.
Yasuo Iimura Tomoya Ohtani Silvia Chersich Masayuki Tani 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(4):404-415
We investigated the optical absorption properties (A 400/C and A 600/C values), elemental composition, weight-averaged molecular weight (Mw), and liquid-state carbon-13 (13C) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of DAX-8 adsorbed fulvic acid fractions (DAX-8 FAs) in various soils (n?=?36) to establish the general trends in their chemical characteristics. We also compared our results with those of humic acids (HAs) obtained from the same soils used in this study and other published data to discuss the differences between them. Our results clearly indicate that DAX-8 FAs with high carboxyl C content have small Mw and low hydrogen to carbon (H/C) ratio. In addition, DAX-8 FAs with high carbonyl C and alkyl C content have high A 400/C values and H/C ratios, respectively. These results strongly suggest that DAX-8 FAs with high aliphatic chemical properties have low carboxyl C content, large Mw and high H/C ratio. There are significant differences in chemical characteristics among the various soil types in almost all data; e.g., DAX-8 FAs from Podzols showed significantly higher A 400/C values, larger Mw, higher carbonyl C and O-aryl C content than those obtained from Andosols. However, these two C functional groups are relatively low values in the total C content among all soil types, suggesting that DAX-8 FAs may exhibit only small differences in chemical properties among the various soil types. The comparison with published data regarding soil HAs shows that DAX-8 FAs are characterized by smaller Mw; lower C, H, and nitrogen (N); higher oxygen (O) content; higher O/C; lower O/H ratios; higher carboxyl C content; and lower aryl C content in total C. 相似文献
63.
There are limited data on the gene expression profiles of ion channels in the sinoatrial node (SAN) of dogs and monkeys. In this study, the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression profiles of various ion channels in the SAN of naïve dogs and monkeys were examined using RNAscope®in situ hybridization and compared with those in the surrounding right atrium (RA) of each species. Regional-specific Cav1.3 and HCN4 expression was observed in the SAN of dogs and monkeys. Additionally, HCN1 in dogs was only expressed in the SAN. The expression profiles of Cav3.1 and Cav3.2 in the SAN and RA were completely different between dogs and monkeys. Dog hearts only expressed Cav3.2; however, Cav3.1 was detected only in monkeys, and the expression score in the SAN was slightly higher than that in the RA. Although Kir3.1 and NCX1 in dogs were equally expressed in both the SAN and RA, the expression scores of these genes in the SAN of monkeys were slightly higher than those in the RA. The Kir3.4 expression score in the SAN of dogs and monkeys was also slightly higher than that in the RA. The mRNA expression scores of Kv11.1/ERG and KvLQT1 were equally observed in both the SAN and RA of dogs and monkeys. HCN2 was not detected in dogs and monkeys. In summary, we used RNAscope to demonstrate the SAN-specific gene expression patterns of ion channels, which may be useful in explaining the effect of pacemaking and/or hemodynamic effects in nonclinical studies. 相似文献
64.
Fumiyoshi Fukumoto Shin-ichi Fuji Kouichi Shinoda Masahide Iizuka 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2008,74(1):88-90
Viruses were isolated from leaves of plants of Aconitum species with symptoms such as mottling and yellowing in Hokkaido and Gunma prefectures in Japan. These viruses were identified
as Cucumber mosaic virus (subgroup II) based on particle morphology, host range, aphid transmission, and serology. 相似文献
65.
Wei Wang Yuichi Hanai Chisato Takenaka Rie Tomioka Kazuya Iizuka Hajime Ozawa 《Journal of Forest Research》2016,21(5):251-258
Absorption of radiocesium (137Cs and 134Cs) through bark, and its subsequent translocation into wood and needles, has been suggested as a potential source of tree contamination, but the process is not well understood. Field experiments were conducted to confirm whether Cs could enter a Japanese cedar tree through the bark and how Cs moves within a tree. Stable Cs (133Cs) was applied to the bark at 1.2-m height on 10- and 26-year-old Japanese cedars. The 133Cs concentrations were determined in the bark, sapwood, and heartwood (for 26-year-old cedar only) of stem disks from several heights, as well as in current-year needles from the canopy. The 133Cs concentrations were considerably higher in the sapwood and heartwood of stem disks from 1.2-m height in treated trees than in untreated trees, suggesting that 133Cs penetrated the bark to enter the wood. The average 133Cs concentrations were higher in the heartwood than the sapwood, indicating 133Cs accumulation in the heartwood. High 133Cs concentrations in the needles of treated trees implied acropetal movement of 133Cs to actively growing organs. Our results demonstrate that Cs can enter Japanese cedar trees through the bark and that Cs is transported radially to the heartwood and vertically to the apex. 相似文献
66.
67.
Paddy and Water Environment - Because of rapid urbanization, urban agriculture’s capacity to reduce the risks associated with natural disasters has been receiving broad attention. Asian... 相似文献
68.
Mitsuhiro Aihara Syun-ichi Urayama Minh Tuong Le Yu Katoh Tomoya Higashiura Toshiyuki Fukuhara Tsutomu Arie Tohru Teraoka Ken Komatsu Hiromitsu Moriyama 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2018,84(2):92-103
Magnaporthe oryzae chrysovirus 1 strain A (MoCV1-A) is associated with an impaired growth phenotype of its host fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae. In this report, we assayed the virulence and pathogenicity of MoCV1-A-infected and MoCV1-A-free M. oryzae on rice plants. MoCV1-A infection did not affect virulence-associated fungal traits, such as conidial germination and appressorium formation. However, after punch inoculation of leaves on rice plants, MoCV1-A-infected strain formed smaller lesions than the MoCV1-A-free strain did on all rice varieties tested, showing that MoCV1-A infection resulted in reduced virulence of host fungi in rice plants. In contrast, after spray inoculation of rice seedlings, in some cases, MoCV1-A-infected and MoCV1-A-free strains caused different lesion types (resistance to susceptible, or vice versa) on individual international differential rice varieties. However, we did not find any gain/loss of the fungal avirulence genes by PCR, suggesting that MoCV1-A infection can convert the pathogenicity of the host M. oryzae from avirulence to virulence, or from virulence to avirulence, depending on the rice variety. We also confirmed the correlation of these race conversion events and invasive hyphae growth of the fungi in a leaf sheath inoculation assay. These data suggested that MoCV1-A infection generally confers hypovirulence to the fungal host and could be a driving force to generate physiological diversity, including pathogenic races. 相似文献
69.
Satoko Shimizu Pattaraporn Posoknistakul Takuya Akiyama Tomoya Yokoyama Yuji Matsumoto 《Journal of Wood Science》2018,64(5):664-674
The reaction products of an alkaline treatment of non-phenolic β-O-4-type lignin model compounds (C6–C2-type) consisting of p-hydroxyphenyl (H), guaiacyl (G), and/or syringyl (S) nuclei were identified and quantified. This was performed to examine how the type of H, G, or S nucleus affect the reaction product profiles. The major identified and quantified reaction products were phenol derivatives that were liberated from the aryl sides of the β-O-4 ether bonds of the lignin model compounds. Other products included derivatives of phenylethane-1,2-diol (glycol-type), benzaldehyde, and acetophenone, which originated from the alkyl sides of the β-O-4 ether bonds of the lignin model compounds. Although the type of aromatic nucleus of the aryl side of the β-O-4 ether bond of the lignin model compounds did not significantly affect the profile of the reaction products, the type of the alkyl side nucleus was influential. The glycol-type compound was the exclusive major reaction product when the S nucleus was on the alkyl side of the β-O-4 ether bond. On the other hand, when the H or G nucleus was present, a benzaldehyde derivative was the other major reaction product. 相似文献
70.
This study investigates the effect of high dissolved oxygen concentrations (DO) on sterlet Acipenser ruthenus maturation. Two groups, each comprising 246 individuals of 8-month-old juvenile sterlets, were reared for 37 months under high DO (group H, mean DO of 11.2 mg/L) or normal DO (group C, mean DO of 7.3 mg/L). Significant differences in body weight were observed between group H (638.7?±?191.9 g) and group C (572.2?±?151.9 g) in 12 months (P?<?0.05). Growth until 12 months occurred at a specific growth rate of 0.6%/day for group H and at 0.5%/day for group C. The food conversion rate of groups H and C was 5.2 and 5.8, respectively. The gonadosomatic index of group H was 3.1?±?1.1 for females and 3.1?±?9.7 for males, and showed no significant difference with group C (3.0?±?0.7 for females and 2.8?±?8.9 for males, P?>?0.05) in 24 months. Significant differences in follicle diameter in mature females were also observed. Group H included 68 mature females, with an average follicle diameter of 2318.0?±?175.3 µm, whereas group C included 56 mature females, with a smaller average follicle diameter of 2152.3?±?287.0 µm (P?<?0.001). However, the polarization index in group H (0.194?±?0.049) was higher than that in group C (0.178?±?0.042) (P?<?0.05). These results suggest that, for sterlet, rearing conditions with high DO can affect growth of both the body and follicle diameter of fish compared to normal rearing conditions. 相似文献