Molecular genetic and pathogenic characterization of psittacid herpesvirus type 1 isolated from a captive galah (Eolophus roseicapillus) in Japan     

Katoh H  Yamada S  Hagino T  Ohya K  Sakai H  Yanai T  Masegi T  Yamaguchi T  Fukushi H 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2011,73(10):1341-1345

Psittacid herpesvirus type 1 (PsHV-1) was isolated from a captive galah (Eolophus roseicapillus) in Japan that was suspected of having Pacheco's disease (PD), an acute fatal disease in psittacine birds. PsHV-1 has been classified into four genotypes based on the UL16 gene sequence. In the present study, we investigated the genetic and pathogenic characteristics of the isolated virus, FOY-1, compared with a reference strain, RSL-1. The FOY-1 strain was classified into PsHV-1 genotype 2. The FOY-1 strain was found to be less pathogenic to budgerigars than RSL-1, which was classified as genotype 4 in an in vivo study. This is the first report regarding the classification of originally isolated PsHV-1 in Japan and its characterization by animal infection experiment.  相似文献   

Changes in the bovine whey proteome during the early lactation period     

Akitsugu SENDA  Kenji FUKUDA  Toshiaki ISHII  Tadasu URASHIMA 《Animal Science Journal》2011,82(5):698-706

To investigate time‐dependent change in the bovine whey proteome during the early lactation period, a two‐dimensional gel‐based approach was used in this study. Milk samples were collected from five healthy Friesian‐Holstein dairy cows up to 10 days postpartum. Spot patterns of whey proteins varied drastically from immediately after parturition to 48 h, but no significant changes occurred thereafter. Protein identification by mass spectrometry revealed that the ratios of caseins and immunoglobulins drastically decreased during 48 h postpartum, while those of lower molecular mass proteins such as α‐lactalbumin and β‐lactoglobulin increased. More than 100 spots were detected, being much more abundant in colostral whey than in mature milk whey. Of a total of 25 proteins identified, four, viz. zinc‐α‐2‐glycoprotein, vitamin D‐binding protein, immunoglobulin G2 chain C and β2‐microglobulin, were detectable only in colostrum. Our results indicate that most of the minor whey proteins in colostrum relate to the passive immunity of newborn calves, but some of them play significant roles in nutritional supplementation of the neonate. The characteristics of whey proteins in transition imply that enhancement of innate immunity becomes more important than protection of the neonate against pathogens via passive immunity after 48 h postpartum.  相似文献   

Two potent allelopathic substances in cucumber plants     

Hisashi Kato-Noguchi  Ho Le Thi  Toshiaki Teruya  Kiyotake Suenaga 《Scientia Horticulturae》2011

Since cucumber plants are mostly discarded as large waste after crop harvesting, allelopathy of cucumber plants was investigated for possible weed management options and utilization of the waste. Two potent growth inhibitory substances were isolated from an aqueous methanol extract of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Phung Tuong) plants. These substances were determined as 9-hydroxy-4,7-megastigmadien-9-one (HMO) and (6S,7E,9S)-6,9,10-trihydroxy-4,7-megastigmadien-3-one (THMO) by the analysis of MS, ¹H NMR spectra and optical rotation. HMO inhibited the growth of cress (Lepidium sativum L.) and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv seedlings at concentrations greater than 0.3 and 1 μM, respectively. THMO inhibited the growth of cress and E. crus-galli seedlings at concentrations greater than 1 and 3 μM, respectively. The concentrations required for 50% growth inhibition on roots and shoots of cress and E. crus-galli were 2.4–29.3 μM for HMO and 8.1–52.2 μM for THMO. The endogenous levels of HMO and THMO in cucumber plants were 31.8 and 43.5 μg g⁻¹ dry weight, respectively. These results suggest that HMO and THMO may be the causal factors for the growth inhibitory effect of cucumber plants. Therefore, cucumber plants may be potentially useful for weed management options in an agricultural setting, such as a cover crop and soil admixture, which should be investigated further in the field.  相似文献   

Polar cardenolide monoglycosides from stems and twigs of Nerium oleander and their biological activities     

Liming Bai  Ming Zhao  Asami Toki  Toshiaki Hasegawa  Jun-ichi Sakai  Xiao-yang Yang  Yuhua Bai  Hirotsugu Ogura  Tomokazu Mitsui  Takao Kataoka  Mariko Ando  Katsutoshi Hirose  Masayoshi Ando 《Journal of Wood Science》2011,57(1):47-55

Twelve polar cardenolide monoglycosides, 1, 2, 4?C13, and oleagenin (3) were isolated from the methanol extract of stems and twigs of Nerium oleander. Among these, oleagenin (3) and cardenolide monoglycosides named cardenolide B-1 (1) and cardenolide B-2 (2) were isolated from natural sources for the first time. The in vitro antiinflammatory activity of compounds 1?C13 was examined on the basis of inhibitory activity against the induction of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Compounds 4?C7 were active at an IC₅₀ value of less than 0.4 ??M. The cytotoxic activity of compounds 1?C13 was evaluated against three human cell lines: normal human fibroblast cells (WI-38), malignant tumor cells derived from WI-38 (VA-13), and human liver tumor cells (HepG2). Compounds 4, 6, and 7 were active toward these three cell lines at IC₅₀ values of less than 0.7 ??M, and compounds 5 and 8 were active toward the cell lines at IC₅₀ values of less than 1.5 ??M. The multidrug resistance (MDR) cancer-reversal activity of compounds 1?C13 was evaluated on the basis of the amount of calcein accumulated in MDR human ovarian cancer 2780AD cells in the presence of each compound. Compound 1 and 12 showed significant effects on calcein accumulation.  相似文献   

Analysis of expressed sequence tags in developing secondary xylem and shoot of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia mangium</Emphasis>     

Shiro Suzuki  Kunihiro Suda  Nozomu Sakurai  Yoshiyuki Ogata  Takefumi Hattori  Hideyuki Suzuki  Daisuke Shibata  Toshiaki Umezawa 《Journal of Wood Science》2011,57(1):40-46

Acacia mangium is a fast-growing tree widely planted in tropical countries because of its rapid growth, high wood density, high fiber quality, and good adaptability. Despite its importance as a fiber source in the pulp and paper industry, a large-scale analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) has not been performed in A. mangium. In this study, we sequenced 10 752 clones of a normalized complementary DNA (cDNA) library prepared from A. mangium developing secondary xylem and shoot, and obtained a total of 8963 ESTs. The ESTs were assembled into 6220 unigenes comprising 1614 contigs and 4606 singletons. The unigene set was then subjected to various bioinformatic analyses. BlastN searches of the unigene set against the Gene Index Databases of soybean, Medicago truncatula, Lotus japonicus, grape, poplar, spruce, and pine demonstrated that the largest number of unigenes shared homologies with the soybean Gene Indices. BlastX searches against the TAIR9 peptide database enabled us to annotate the unigenes. Based on the annotation, we discussed whether the unigenes involved in the cell cycle, cell growth, shoot apical meristem development, and cell wall biosynthesis were present. This new genomic resource will accelerate the functional genomics of wood formation and molecular breeding to improve the wood properties of A. mangium.  相似文献   

Production and characterization of interspecific hybrids between Asparagus kiusianus Makino and A. officinalis L.     

Takuro Ito  Itaru Konno  Shosei Kubota  Toshinori Ochiai  Takahiro Sonoda  Yuko Hayashi  Tatsuya Fukuda  Jun Yokoyama  Hokuto Nakayama  Toshiaki Kameya  Akira Kanno 《Euphytica》2011,182(2):285-294

Interspecific hybridization is a useful technique to introduce characteristics from wild species into crops. Garden asparagus (Asparagus officinalis, 2n = 2x = 20) is an economically important vegetable that is native to the Mediterranean region but widely cultivated in many countries. The genus Asparagus is comprised of over 100 species. Asparagus kiusianus (2n = 2x = 20) is a wild asparagus species endemic to Japan. This species occurs on the coast and is likely to be a salt-resistant species. Although the geographic distribution of these two species is not close, molecular phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that these two species are closely related. In this study, a reciprocal cross between A. officinalis and A. kiusianus was carried out by hand pollination, and progeny were obtained from both crossings. These progeny exhibited a morphologically intermediate phenotype in terms of flower shape, and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis confirmed that these were indeed interspecific hybrids. The interspecific hybrids were fertile, and backcross progeny with garden asparagus was also generated. These interspecific hybrids are expected to supply novel traits to garden asparagus.  相似文献   

Comparison of Characteristics of Acid Phosphatases Secreted from Roots of Lupin and Tomato     

Minggang Li  Toshiaki Tadano 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(4):753-763

In this study we purified both acid phosphatases (Apase) secreted from tomato and lupin roots, and compared the properties of these two enzymes. The secretory Apases from tomato and lupin showed the following similar properties. 1) Both enzymes were homodimers consisting of two identical subunits, each with a molecular weight of approximately 68 kilodaltons (kD) in tomato and 72 kD in lupin. 2) The enzymes were stable in the pH range of 4–9. 3) The enzymes showed an optimum temperature of 37–40°C for their activity and were stable at temperatures below 60°C. 4) The enzymes exhibited a comparable affinity for p-nitrophenyl phosphate (the apparent K _m values were 2.7–3.0 × 10^-5 M). On the other hand, there were some slight differences in the isoelectric point, optimum pH, specific activity, substrate specificity, and inhibitory effect of metal ions between the two enzymes. Therefore, it was considered that the most important difference in the root ability of the two plants to hydrolyze organic phosphorus may depend mainly on the amount of Apase secreted from a unit amount of roots.  相似文献   

Problems in the methods of estimation of growth and maintenance respiration     

Takuro Shinano  Mitsuru Osaki  Toshiaki Tadano 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(4):773-784

According to Thornley, J.H.M. (Nature, 227, 304-305, 1970) and McCree, K.J. (Crop Sci., 14, 509-514, 1974), respiratory substances are used only for maintenance respiration when plants are exposed to the dark conditions for a long period of time (more than 2 d). The maintenance respiration is also affected by the nitrogen status in plant, because protein turnover is one of the major energy consumption sources under maintenance process. Therefore, to determine whether respiratory substances are used only for maintenance, ¹⁴C- [U] -sucrose or a mixture of ¹⁴C- [U] -amino acids was introduced to rice and soybean plants from the tip of leaf. Plants were grown under natural light conditions and under dark conditions for 4 d with 2 nitrogen levels (0.2 and 0.02 g N L^-1 soil). After the introduction of the ¹⁴C-compounds, the ¹⁴CO₂ respiratory rate was monitored during 24 h, then the ¹⁴C distribution to organic acids, free amino acids, proteins, sugars, and polysaccharides was analyzed. Following results were obtained.

1. When ¹⁴C-[U]-sucrose or a mixture of ¹⁴C-[U]-amino acids was introduced to the leaf of rice and soybean plants, the ¹⁴C release rate by respiration was not affected by the nitrogen and light treatments except when ¹⁴C-sucrose was introduced to soybean in the low N plot. The ¹⁴C release rate from the ¹⁴C-compounds introduced into leaf in the low N plot of soybean was higher in the dark treatment than in the natural light treatment.

2. ¹⁴C-distribution ratio after introduction of ¹⁴C-sucrose and a mixture of ¹⁴C-amino acids to the leaf was not significantly affected by the nitrogen treatment. When ¹⁴C-sucrose was introduced to rice leaf, the ¹⁴C-distribution ratio to sugars and proteins was higher and that to polysaccharides was lower in the natural light treatment than in the dark treatment. The ¹⁴C-distribution ratio was less aifected by the light or nitrogen treatment in case of soybean leaf.

3. Although it was assumed that maintenance metabolism was dominant in the lower leaf (counted from the bottom), the ¹⁴C-distribution ratio was similar to that of upper leaf.

4. Nitrogen content of leaf was not different between rice and soybean in the high N treatment, unlike the ¹⁴C-distribution ratio. In rice, the nitrogen content of leaf was about twice as high in the high N treatment compared with the low N treatment, while the ¹⁴C-distribution ratio in leaf was stable regardless of nitrogen treatment.

Based on the above results, it is suggested that since the ¹⁴C-distribution ratio into each chemical component did not change regardless of light treatment, nitrogen treatment, or leaf age, It was impossible to separate respiration into two components, such as growth and maintenance respiration. The results also indicated that current photosynthates and storage substances were not used only for growth and maintenance, respectively.  相似文献   

Distribution of exudates of lupin roots in the rhizosphere under phosphorus deficient conditions     

Minggang Li  Takuro Shinano  Toshiaki Tadano 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(1):237-245

Abstract

The distribution of secretory acid phosphatase and organic acids enhanced by phosphorus deficiency in lupin rhizosphere was investigated using a rhizobox system which separated the rhizosphere soil into 0.5 mm fractions. In the soil fraction closest to the root surface, the lupin exudates displayed an acid phosphatase activity of 0.73 u g^?1 dry soil and citrate concentration of 85.2 μmol g^?1 dry soil, respectively. The increase of the acid phosphatase activity-induced an appreciable depletion of organic P in the rhizosphere, indicating that lupin efficiently utilized the organic P from soil through the enzyme activitye The sterile treatments demonstrated that the acid phosphatase in the rhizosphere was mainly derived from lupin root secretions. The secretory organic acids enhanced considerably the solubility of the inorganic P in three types of soil and a sludge. However, the secretory acid phosphatase and organic acids from lupin roots were only detected in a considerable amount in 0-2.5 mm soil fractions from root surface.  相似文献   

Beneficial effect of aluminum on growth of plants adapted to low pH soils     

Mitsuru Osaki  Toshihiro Watanabe  Toshiaki Tadano 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(3):551-563

Plants in which growth was reduced by low and high Al applications were designated as Al-sensitive plant (Hordeum vulgare) and Al-medium tolerant plants (Leucaena leucocephala, Ischaemum barbatum, Stylosanthes guianensis, and Fagopyrum esculentum), respectively, while plants in which growth was not affected or was stimulated by Al application were designated as Al-tolerant plant (Brachiaria ruziziensis) and Al-stimulated plants (Melastoma malabathricum, Melaleuca cajuputi, Acacia mangium, Hydrangea macrophyila, Vaccinium macrocarpon, Polygonum sachalinense, and Oryza sativa), respectively. Plants tolerant to or stimulated by Al were further classified based on the criteria of Al accumulation: 1) Al-excluders such as M. cajuputi, A. mangium, L. leucocephala, I. barbatum, S. guianensis, and O. sativa, 2) Al root-accumulators such as V. màcrocarpon, B. ruziziensis, and P. sachalinense, and 3) Al-accumulators such as M. malabathricum, H. macrophylla, and F. esculentum. The growth and N, P, and K uptake in M. malabathricum, M. cajuputi, A. mangium, L. leucocephala, H. macrophylla, V. macrocarpon, I. barbatum, P. sachalinense, F. esculentum, and O. sativa were stimulated by Al application, especially P uptake, while in H. vulgare (Al-sensitive plant) they were reduced by Al application. Ca and Mg uptake of many plants was inhibited by Al application, while that of some plants adapted to low pH soils was not affected at all (Ca and Mg: M. cajuputi, H. macrophylla, V. macrocarpon, I. barbatum, and S. guianensis; Mg: B. ruziziensis and P. sachalinense). In M. malabathricum, the relationship between Al and Ca (or Mg) was antagonistic because the Ca and Mg contents decreased by Al application even though dry matter, N, P, and K accumulation was stimulated by Al application. Plants adapted to low pH soils grew poorly in the no-Al treatment. Since the effect of the pH on plant growth was less conspicuous than that of Al, growth stimulation by Al application was ascribed not only to the alleviation of H⁺ toxicity but also to the increase of root activity such as P uptake.  相似文献