A physically based FVM watershed model fully coupling surface and subsurface water flows     

Junichiro Takeuchi  Toshihiko Kawachi  Chie Imagawa  Natsuki Buma  Koichi Unami  Shigeya Maeda 《Paddy and Water Environment》2010,8(2):145-156

A sophisticated modeling approach for simulating-coupled surface and subsurface flows in a watershed is presented. The watershed model developed is a spatially distributed physically based model of composite dimension, consisting of 3-D variably saturated groundwater flow submodel, 2-D overland flow submodel and 1-D river flow submodel. The 3-D subsurface flow is represented by the complete Richards equation, while the 2-D and 1-D surface flows by the diffusive approximations of their complete dynamic equations. For piecewise integration of these equations, the finite volume method (FVM) is employed assuming unknown variables such as the water depth and the pressure head to be volume-averaged state ones. Problem plane geometry is meshed with the unstructured cells of triangular shape which conforms to external as well as internal irregular boundaries such as those between 1-D and 2-D flows. A cell size controlling scheme, referred to as quasi-adaptive meshing scheme, is introduced to keep the local discretization errors caused by topographic elevation gradient even over the entire-meshed geometry. Performance of the model is tested through its practical application to a rugged intermountain watershed. Tuning the values of the three key parameters ensures successful calibration of the model. Once the model is so calibrated, it could reproduce satisfactory runoff response to any rainfall event. Expansion and shrinkage of the contributing area importantly affecting the direct runoff, caused by the vicissitude of rainfall during its total duration, are well reproduced, like what the commonly accepted runoff theory argues. It is thus concluded that the model developed could serve as a powerful watershed simulator usable for investigating and assessing the hydrological aspect of a watershed.  相似文献   

The quality of cryopreserved sperm collected from feline caudal epididymides stored at room temperature     

Toyonaga M  Kaihara A  Tsutsui T 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2011,73(10):1395-1398

On the assumption that animals of wild feline species died in the field, caudal epididymal sperm were cryopreserved following storage of the feline epididymides at 20°C for 0-24 hr, and their qualities were observed. Compared to the qualities at 0 hr, no significant differences were noted following 12 hr of storage at 20°C. On comparison of the qualities between caudal sperm cryopreserved after 24 hr storage at 4°C and after 12 hr at 20°C followed by 12 hr storage at 4°C, no significant differences were noted. These findings suggest that the cryopreserved sperm collected from epididymides of dead animals might be useful for artificial insemination if cryopreservation was performed within 12 hr exposure to ambient temperature.  相似文献   

Comparison of fertility on intrauterine insemination between cryopreserved ejaculated and cauda epididymal sperm in dogs     

Hori T  Matsuda Y  Kobayashi M  Kawakami E  Tsutsui T 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2011,73(12):1685-1688

The fertility was compared between ejaculated and cauda epididymal sperm sensitized with prostatic fluid in dog after freeze-thawing using the fertility of ova from the contralateral ovary after injection (2 × 10(8) sperm) into dog uterus on the unilateral ovariectomized side, on the basis of the presence or absence of conception. No significant difference was observed in sperm quality after freeze-thawing between the two groups and conception rates were equivalent and low. Therefore, to achieve a high fertility by intrauterine insemination of canine frozen-thawed ejaculated and cauda epididymal sperm, intrauterine insemination on both sides is recommended, rather than insemination with a lot of sperm of the uterine horn on one side.  相似文献   

Fuzzy optimization model for integrated management of total nitrogen loads from distributed point and nonpoint sources in watershed     

Shigeya Maeda  Toshihiko Kawachi  Koichi Unami  Junichiro Takeuchi  Tomoki Izumi  Syunsuke Chono 《Paddy and Water Environment》2009,7(3):163-175

A fuzzy optimization model is developed to allocate allowable total nitrogen (T-N) loads to distributed nonpoint sources (NPSs) and point sources (PSs) in a watershed for river water quality management using the linear programing technique. The watershed is divided into uniform grid cells on which T-N loads issuing from NPSs such as paddy fields, upland crop fields and cities are controlled. A geographic information system integrated with the digital elevation model facilitates computation of route lengths of surface and subsurface flows from cells to a river running through the watershed. The T-N loads discharged from their sources are assumed to decay, subject to distance-related first-order kinetics. As management goals, maximizations of total allowable NPS loads, total allowable PS loads and total yield of rice are considered from environmental and economic viewpoints. A prime constraint is an effluent limitation standard for the aggregate amount of loads that arrive at the downstream end of the river. The fuzzy sets theory helps appropriately describe vague attitudes of decision-makers (i.e., stakeholders and management authorities) in terms of constraints and conflicting goals. An application of the fuzzy optimization model, developed as an improvement over our last nonfuzzy model, to a real watershed in Shiga prefecture, Japan, demonstrates that the fuzzy model embodies our last model, and is capable of creating management alternatives for T-N load allocation in a more practical and flexible manner.  相似文献   

A distributed hydro-environmental watershed model with three-zoned cell profiling   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Junichiro Takeuchi  Toshihiko Kawachi  Koichi Unami  Shigeya Maeda  Tomoki Izumi 《Paddy and Water Environment》2009,7(1):33-43

A cell-based distributed watershed model is developed which enables us to simulate the hydrological and hydraulic aspects of the watershed in a refined fashion. With three-zoned cell profiling, the model is composed of three sub-models; tank model for a surface water zone, soil moisture model for a surface soil zone, and unconfined shallow groundwater flow model for a subsurface zone. Inclusion of the soil moisture sub-model modified to reroute the infiltration, routed from the tank sub-model, into the return flow and the groundwater recharge features the model. The groundwater flow sub-model, numerically approximated by use of the finite volume method and the implicit time-marching scheme, considers a network of on-farm drainage canals as internal boundaries, which is an essential need for modeling the watershed including farmlands. Cascade-linking of the three sub-models in a cell and assembling of all the cells over the entire watershed domain provides the global equations system to be solved. Applicability of the model is demonstrated with its practical application to a real watershed in that paddy and upland crop fields take great part of the land-use practice. It is then indicated in a quantified manner that rice farming significantly contribute as a major groundwater recharger in an irrigation period to fostering and conservation of regional water resources. Along with appropriately profiling a cell, the model is so versatile and tough that it can be applied without difficulty to a watershed of diverse terrains and land-uses and the computations can stably be carried out. It is thus concluded that the model presently developed could be a powerful “watershed simulator” to investigate and assess the time-varying hydro-environmental properties of a watershed while separating and integrating the hydrological and hydraulic components of particular importance.  相似文献   

Role of buffalo in the socioeconomic development of rural Asia: Current status and future prospectus   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Amarjit Singh NANDA  Toshihiko NAKAO 《Animal Science Journal》2003,74(6):443-455

Buffalo has been an integral part of livestock agriculture in Asia for over 5000 years producing draft power, milk, meat and hides. Even today, 153 million buffalo provide 76 734 759 t of milk and 3 089 875 t of meat, and in several countries, up to 30% of the draft power for agricultural operations. Unfortunately, however, the species did not receive the attention of the policy makers and the researchers in accordance with its merits, which resulted in buffalo population decline in several eastern Asian countries. The present review highlights the importance of buffalo to the economic and social fabric, especially of the small and landless rural poor, of several countries in Asia. Some major national and international efforts being made to improve buffalo production have also been cited.  相似文献   

Software development for estimating the concentration of radioactive cesium in the skeletal muscles of cattle from blood samples          下载免费PDF全文

Tomokazu Fukuda  Masahiro Hiji  Yasushi Kino  Yasuyuki Abe  Hideaki Yamashiro  Jin Kobayashi  Yoshinaka Shimizu  Atsushi Takahashi  Toshihiko Suzuki  Mirei Chiba  Kazuya Inoue  Yoshikazu Kuwahara  Motoko Morimoto  Masafumi Katayama  Kenichiro Donai  Hisashi Shinoda  Tsutomu Sekine  Manabu Fukumoto  Emiko Isogai 《Animal Science Journal》2016,87(6):842-847

The 2011 earthquake severely damaged the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FNPP), resulting in the release of large quantities of radioactive material into the environment. The deposition of these radionuclides in rice straw as livestock feed led to the circulation of contaminated beef in the market. Based on the safety concern of the consumers, a reliable method for estimating concentrations of radioactive cesium in muscle tissue is needed. In this study, we analyzed the concentrations of radioactive cesium in the blood and skeletal muscle of 88 cattle, and detected a linear correlation between them. We then developed software that can be used to estimate radioactive cesium concentrations in muscle tissue from blood samples. Distribution of this software to the livestock production field would allow us to easily identify high‐risk cattle, which would be beyond the safety regulation, before shipping out to the market. This software is planned to be released as freeware. This software would contribute to food safety, and aid the recovery of the livestock industry from the damage creacted by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami.  相似文献   

Morphological and photosynthetic responses of Quercus crispula seedlings to high-light conditions     

Matsuki S  Ogawa K  Tanaka A  Hara T 《Tree physiology》2003,23(11):769-775

We investigated morphological and photosynthetic responses of current-year seedlings of oak (Quercus crispula Blume) under high-light conditions. Quercus crispula seedlings were grown from seed in a relative photosynthetically active photon flux density (RPPFD) of 100, 10 or 2%. There was no difference in total dry mass between 100 and 10% RPPFD. At the end of the growing season, plants grown in 2% RPPFD had a lower total dry mass than those grown in 100 or 10% RPPFD. Seedlings grown in 100% RPPFD showed morphological acclimation, i.e., high root/shoot ratios and high leaf mass per area. De-epoxidation level in the xanthophyll cycle and activity of an antioxidant enzyme were highest in 100% RPPFD, but total chlorophyll concentration and photosynthetic rate were highest in 10% RPPFD. These results indicate that excess photons were generated in 100% RPPFD, leading to increased capacities for dissipation of received light energy through the xanthophyll cycle and for scavenging of reactive oxygen species through the water-water cycle. Nevertheless, a midday decrease in dark-adapted quantum yield of photosystem II (F(v)/F(m)) indicated that seedlings grown in 100% RPPFD were suffering from photoinhibition. We conclude that Q. crispula current-year seedlings have high morphological acclimation to high light but that photosynthetic efficiency cannot be maintained under high-light conditions even with a photoprotection system.  相似文献   

Effects of griseoviridin and viridogrisein against swine dysentery in experimental infection by using mice and pigs     

Asano T  Adachi Y 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2006,68(6):555-560

Griseoviridin, a known antibiotic produced by Streptomyces cacaoi subsp. cacaoi, was found to be active against Brachyspira hyodysenteriae--the bacterium causing swine dysentery. An in vitro synergism is observed when it is used in combination with viridogrisein--a simultaneously produced antibiotic. In mouse experiments, the effect of griseoviridin alone was less than that of lincomycin--a commercially available swine dysentery medication. However, a 1:1 mixture of griseoviridin and viridogrisein revealed a noticeable synergistic effect. In an evaluation using pigs artificially infected with B. hyodysenteriae, a large difference was not observed between the effect of griseoviridin alone and that in combination with viridogrisein. Nevertheless, griseoviridin alone exhibited a therapeutic effect superior to that of lincomycin.  相似文献   

Effects of addition of sodium lauryl sulfate on frozen-thawed canine spermatozoa     

Hori T  Kaseki H  Fukuhara Y  Oba H  Mizutani T  Kawakami E  Tsutsui T 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2006,68(10):1125-1128

The addition of Orvus ES paste (OEP) to extender may be essential for preparing frozen dog semen. The major ingredient of OEP is sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). In this study, we compared the effect of SLS on frozen dog semen with that of OEP. There were no significant differences between the 2-mg/ml SLS group and OEP group concerning sperm motility, viability and the percentage of viable sperm with intact acrosomes after freeze-thawing. These results suggest that the effectiveness of frozen dog semen extender containing 2 mg/ml of SLS is similar effective to that demonstrated for OEP.  相似文献