Comparative study of plasma leptin concentration between solid ruminal and liquid abomasal feeding in weaned adult sheep     

Tomomi BAN‐TOKUDA  Carole DELAVAUD  Yves CHILLIARD  Tsutomu FUJIHARA 《Animal Science Journal》2010,81(6):648-656

This experiment was conducted to investigate the difference between ruminal (solid feed, SF) and abomasal (liquid feed, LF) feeding on the plasma leptin concentration in sheep. The experiment consisted of 2 weeks to adapt the animals to SF, 4 weeks of feeding on SF, 2 weeks adaptation to LF, 8 weeks of feeding on LF, 2 weeks of adaptation to SF, and 4 weeks of feeding on SF. The LF directory flowed into the abomasums of sheep by bottle feeding. Plasma leptin concentration before morning feeding was almost constant in the SF periods, whereas it showed between‐day variations when measured during the LF periods. Mean plasma leptin levels were higher for LF (7.77 ± 0.76 ng/mL; mean ± SE) than for SF periods (3.95 ± 0.16 ng/mL; mean ± SE). Although plasma leptin concentration did not show any change after feeding in the SF and LF periods, plasma insulin and glucose levels increased within 15 min after liquid abomasal feeding, but not after solid ruminal feeding. The high plasma leptin concentration during the LF periods in weaned sheep could be due to change of digestible energy intake and changes in plasma insulin and glucose levels accompanying the changes in digestive processes and nutrient supply.  相似文献   

A possible role of central serotonin in L‐tryptophan‐induced GH secretion in cattle     

Etsuko KASUYA  Ken‐ichi YAYOU  Tsutomu HASHIZUME  Sayuki KITAGAWA  Madoka SUTOH 《Animal Science Journal》2010,81(3):345-351

To clarify the role of serotonin (5‐HT) in the regulatory mechanism of L‐tryptophan (TRP)‐induced growth hormone (GH) secretion in cattle, changes in 5‐HT concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the third ventricle (3V) and GH in plasma before and after the peripheral infusion of TRP were determined simultaneously. The direct effect of TRP on GH release from the dispersed anterior pituitary cells was also assessed. A chronic cannula was placed in 3V by stereotaxic surgery, then CSF and blood were withdrawn under physiological conditions. TRP (38.5 mg/kg BW) was infused through an intravenous catheter from 12.00 to 14.00 hours and CSF and blood sampling were performed from 11.00 to 18.00 hours at 1‐h intervals. The concentration of 5‐HT in CSF was determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. GH, melatonin (MEL), and cortisol (CORT) concentrations were measured by radio‐immunoassay and enzyme‐immunoassay. Concentrations of 5‐HT were increased by TRP infusion. The TRP infusion significantly increased GH release. On the other hand, TRP did not stimulate GH release from the bovine pituitary cells. MEL and CORT concentrations were not altered by TRP infusion. These results suggest that TRP induced GH release via the activation of serotonergic neurons in cattle.  相似文献   

Development of Novel Water-extraction System with Thermoelectric Module Using Solar and Wind Power in Arid Land     

HAYASHI Tsutomu  TAGAWA Kotaro  TANAKA Kenji  MORITA Yasunari 《东北农业大学学报(英文版)》2010,17(4):37-42

This study aimed to develop a water-extraction system which could produce the fresh water from the air in arid regions and which used renewable energies as the electric power source. In this paper, the experiments for water extraction from the air were carried out by using the novel multi-stage water-extraction device with Peltier deices for two cases of temperature and related humidity of the air. One was the case where the temperature and the related humidity of the air were constant, and the other was the case where they were simulated the variation of the temperature and related humidity of the air in a day of summer and spring in Loess Plateau, China. The effects of the temperature and related humidity of the atmospheric air and supply the electric power to Peltier devices on performance of water production of the device were investigated and reported.  相似文献   

An avirulence gene homologue in the tomato wilt fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 1 functions as a virulence gene in the cabbage yellows fungus F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans     

Takeshi Kashiwa  Keigo Inami  Masashi Fujinaga  Hideki Ogiso  Takanobu Yoshida  Tohru Teraoka  Tsutomu Arie 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2013,79(6):412-421

Six4, a small protein secreted by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) in tomato xylem sap during infection, triggers Fol race 1-specific resistance (I) in tomato. SIX4 is regarded as an avirulence gene. Although SIX4 is considered unique to Fol race 1, we detected this gene in the cabbage yellows fungus F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans (Foc) by PCR. Because the genes from Foc and SIX4 in Fol were >99 % identical at the nucleotide level, the Foc gene was designated FocSIX4. The expression of FocSIX4 was detected by RT-PCR in stems and roots of cabbage 8 days after infection with Foc. In contrast with Fol, disruption of FocSIX4 in Foc did not increase virulence to Foc-resistant cabbage cvs. Shutoku-SP and Koikaze. On the contrary, the disruptants had reduced virulence not only on Foc-resistant cultivars but also on Foc-susceptible cv. Shikidori. These results suggested that FocSIX4 is involved in virulence, but not in avirulence, in the cabbage yellows fungus.  相似文献   

Construction of a system for exploring mitotic homologous recombination in the genome of Pyricularia oryzae     

Takayuki Arazoe  Shuichi Ohsato  Tsutomu Arie  Katsuyoshi Yoneyama  Shigeru Kuwata 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2013,79(6):422-430

To investigate mitotic homologous recombination (HR) in Pyricularia oryzae, we created an HR detection system. The system consists of two non-functional enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and blasticidin S deaminase (BSD) fusion genes (YFP::BSD). If mitotic HR occurs between the two non-functional genes in the genome, restoration of the functional YFP::BSD gene can be expected. The expression of the functional YFP::BSD gene can be detected by both YFP fluorescence and resistance against BS. When the P. oryzae genome was transformed simultaneously with two non-functional genes, all six lines of transformants with both genes had some portion of their hyphae exhibiting YFP fluorescence and BS resistance during growth. Up to ca. 10 % of conidia harvested from the mycelium of each of the six lines had YFP fluorescence, suggesting that HR consistently occurs during mycelium growth. To determine whether and how the HR-mediated phenotypic changes occurred at the DNA level, we analyzed the genomic DNA of BS-resistant mycelia by PCR-RFLP and sequencing and were able to confirm the existence of a restored functional YFP::BSD gene and a non-functional recombinant gene. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that we established a successful HR detection system for P. oryzae, which can be used for other plant pathogens, and that mitotic HR actually occurs in P. oryzae and constitute the first experimental evidence for mitotic HR in a fungus.  相似文献   

Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Listeria monocytogenes isolated in Japan     

Okada Y  Okutani A  Suzuki H  Asakura H  Monden S  Nakama A  Maruyama T  Igimi S 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2011,73(12):1681-1684

The antimicrobial susceptibility of 201 Listeria monocytogenes isolates from foods, environments, animals and human patients in Japan was determined. All isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, the first choice of drug for listeriosis treatment, chloramphenicol, dihydrostreptomycin, erythromycin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, lincomycin, nosiheptide, salinomycin, vancomycin, and virginiamycin. A human strain was resistant to oxytetracycline. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for 50% of the strains and the MIC for 90% of the strains were comparable in all the isolates. This is the first investigation to compare antibiotic resistances between isolates from foods and isolates from human patients in Japan. The result showed that most of the isolates were susceptible to antibiotics used in this study.  相似文献   

Basal levels and GnRH-induced responses of peripheral testosterone and estrogen in Holstein bulls with poor semen quality     

Devkota B  Takahashi K  Matsuzaki S  Matsui M  Miyamoto A  Yamagishi N  Osawa T  Hashizume T  Izaike Y  Miyake Y 《The Journal of reproduction and development》2011,57(3):373-378

The present study investigated the basal levels and GnRH-induced responses of peripheral testosterone and estrogen in Holstein bulls with poor semen quality. On the basis of semen parameters, bulls (n=5) having poor semen quality were selected as experimental bulls, and good semen quality bulls (n=4) were used as control bulls. Both groups were treated intramuscularly once with GnRH (250 μg of fertirelin acetate). Blood samples were collected at -1 day (d), -30 min and 0 h (treatment) followed by every 30 min for 5 h and 1, 3 and 5 d post-GnRH treatment (PGT), and LH, testosterone and estradiol-17β (E(2)) concentrations were measured. The pretreatment concentrations were used as basal levels. The percentage increments based on the 0-h levels were calculated per bull for each sampling time until 5 h PGT, and differences were compared between the experimental and control groups. The PGT concentrations of testosterone and basal and PGT concentrations of E(2) were significantly lower in the experimental group. The testosterone increment in the experimental group was delayed and significantly lower from 1 to 5 h PGT than those in the control group. It can be suggested that bulls with poor semen quality have delayed and lower GnRH-induced testosterone response and may also have lower estrogen levels.  相似文献   

DNA methylation status of bovine blastocyst embryos obtained from various procedures     

Sawai K  Takahashi M  Fujii T  Moriyasu S  Hirayama H  Minamihashi A  Hashizume T  Onoe S 《The Journal of reproduction and development》2011,57(2):236-241

DNA methylation is an important factor for the regulation of gene expression in early embryos. It is well known that the satellite I sequence is more heavily methylated in bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT-SC) embryos than in embryos derived from in vitro fertilization (IVF). However, the methylation status of bovine embryos obtained by other procedures is not well known. To clarify DNA methylation levels of bovine embryos obtained from various procedures, we examined satellite I sequences in bovine blastocyst (BC) embryos derived from NT-SC, NT using embryonic blastomeres (NT-EM), in vivo (Vivo), IVF and parthenogenetic treatment (PA). Furthermore, in order to evaluate the efficacy of DNA demethylation by the NT procedure, we determined the DNA methylation levels in bovine embryos in which NT was recapitulated (Re-NT). Although the DNA methylation levels in the NT-SC embryos were higher than those in the other embryos, the NT-EM embryos exhibited lower DNA methylation levels. The satellite I sequence in the NT-SC embryos was more demethylated than that in the donor cells. Although the DNA methylation level in the individual NT-SC embryos showed variation, the full-term developmental efficacy of these embryos were not different. These findings suggest that the methylation level of the satellite I sequence at the BC stage is not related to the abnormalities of bovine embryos produced by NT-SC. There was no difference in methylation levels between Re-NT and NT-SC embryos. Our results indicated that the DNA methylation status differed among embryos produced by various methods and that at least some of the demethylation of the donor cell genome occurred in the recipient cytoplast after NT-SC, but the demethylation ability of the NT procedure was noted in the first NT but not in the second NT.  相似文献   

Length of Incubation for the Estimation of the Most Probable Number of Nitrifying Bacteria in Soil     

Tomoyoshi Hashimoto  Tsutomu Hattori 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(3):507-509

Abstract

The Zn content in 8 soil chemical fractions was determined for 21 greenhouse soils and for 8 reference (open field) soils from Kochi Prefecture, Japan to investigate the forms of spontaneously accumulated Zn in the greenhouse soils associated with heavy application of fertilizers and manures. Sequential extraction method was applied to every soil and each Zn fraction was designated as exchangeable (Ex-Zn), Pb-displaceable (Pb-Zn), acid soluble (Aci-Zn), Mn oxide-occluded (MnO-Zn), organically bound (OM-Zn), amorphous Fe oxide-occluded (AFeO-Zn), crystalline Fe oxide-occluded (CFeO-Zn), and residual (Res-Zn) fractions. The Zn content of the greenhouse soils was significantly higher than that of the reference soils in every fraction, except for the CFeO-Zn, and Res-Zn fractions. The Pb-Zn, Aci-Zn, and MnO-Zn fractions showed a difference of more than 60% in the total Zn content between the two soil groups. The amounts of Zn extracted in the Pb-Zn, Aci-Zn, MnO-Zn, AFeO-Zn, and CFeO-Zn fractions of the greenhouse soils increased con-comitantly with the accumulation of applied macro-nutrients. These results indicated that the accumulation of Zn in greenhouse soils caused by intensive fertilization had proceeded through specific adsorption onto or occlusion by the oxides and hydroxides of Fe and Mn in soils.  相似文献   

Influence of phosphate sorption on dispersion of a Ferralsol     

Dung Viet Pham  Munehide Ishiguro  Ha Thu Thi Tran  Tsutomu Sato 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(3):356-366

Abstract

Soil dispersion induces soil erosion and colloidal leaching. Nutrients are lost at the same time and this causes water contamination. Phosphate is an essential element for living organisms. Because phosphate influences soil dispersion and it is an important limited resource, this influence must be evaluated well in order to diminish negative effects on soil structure. In this paper, we firstly evaluated the influence of phosphate sorption on soil dispersion by calculating repulsive potential energy between soil particles. Ferralsol, which is a typical soil in rainy tropical regions, was used as the material. The dispersion-flocculation phenomena were investigated with absorbance of soil suspension under different pH, phosphate adsorption and electrolyte concentration in an Na-NO₃-PO₄ system. The repulsive potential energy was calculated based on the diffuse double layer theory and the measured zeta potential. We indicated that the measured absorbance increased with the increase of the repulsive potential energy. The repulsive potential energy increased with increasing phosphate sorption up to about 5 to 20 mmol kg^?1 at all pH, and it induced the soil dispersion, because phosphate sorption increased the negative charge of the soil. After its peak, it decreased with increasing phosphate sorption because the electrolyte concentration increased and the electrolyte screened the electric field near the soil surface. The repulsive potential energy also increased with increasing pH because of the increase of the negative charge of the soil. Even at low pH, after a certain amount of phosphate sorption, the soil dispersed due to the increase of repulsive potential energy, although the soil flocculated before phosphate application. Because the soil dispersion causes soil and phosphorus loss, the influence of soil pH and phosphate sorption on the soil dispersion should be considered for good soil management.  相似文献