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21.
Intestinal lactase activity in the suckling rat: influence of hypophysectomy and thyroidectomy 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Intestinal lactase activity, which is high in the infant rat intestine but falls to a low level by the end of the third week, fails to decline in animals hypophysectomized at the age of 6 days. Treating these animals with thyroxine lowers lactase activity to the control level at 24 days, but cortisone is only partly effective. Thyroidectomy at 6 days also results in persistence of high lactase activity; thyroxine again is more effective than cortisone in reducing activity. The thyroid gland appears to play a previously unsuspected role in intestinal maturation. 相似文献
22.
Galibert F Finan TM Long SR Puhler A Abola P Ampe F Barloy-Hubler F Barnett MJ Becker A Boistard P Bothe G Boutry M Bowser L Buhrmester J Cadieu E Capela D Chain P Cowie A Davis RW Dreano S Federspiel NA Fisher RF Gloux S Godrie T Goffeau A Golding B Gouzy J Gurjal M Hernandez-Lucas I Hong A Huizar L Hyman RW Jones T Kahn D Kahn ML Kalman S Keating DH Kiss E Komp C Lelaure V Masuy D Palm C Peck MC Pohl TM Portetelle D Purnelle B Ramsperger U Surzycki R Thebault P Vandenbol M Vorholter FJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2001,293(5530):668-672
The scarcity of usable nitrogen frequently limits plant growth. A tight metabolic association with rhizobial bacteria allows legumes to obtain nitrogen compounds by bacterial reduction of dinitrogen (N2) to ammonium (NH4+). We present here the annotated DNA sequence of the alpha-proteobacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti, the symbiont of alfalfa. The tripartite 6.7-megabase (Mb) genome comprises a 3.65-Mb chromosome, and 1.35-Mb pSymA and 1.68-Mb pSymB megaplasmids. Genome sequence analysis indicates that all three elements contribute, in varying degrees, to symbiosis and reveals how this genome may have emerged during evolution. The genome sequence will be useful in understanding the dynamics of interkingdom associations and of life in soil environments. 相似文献
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24.
Determination of spinosad and its metabolites in food and environmental matrices. 2. Liquid chomatography-mass spectrometry 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A selective and sensitive method utilizing liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has been developed for determining residues of the natural insect control agent spinosad in several crop matrices that are difficult to analyze by HPLC with UV detection. The method determines the active ingredients (spinosyns A and D) and three minor metabolites (spinosyns B and K and N-demethylspinosyn D) in alfalfa hay, wheat hay, wheat straw, sorghum fodder, and corn stover. The analytes are extracted from the samples with an acetonitrile/water solution, and the extracts are purified by solid phase extraction with a C(18) disk and a silica cartridge. All five analytes are determined simultaneously in a single injection using positive atmospheric pressure chemical ionization LC-MS with selected ion monitoring. The average recoveries ranged from 69 to 96% with standard deviations ranging from 4 to 15%. The method has a validated limit of quantitation of 0. 01 microgram/g and a limit of detection of 0.003 microgram/g. The LC-MS method can also provide residue confirmation in addition to quantitation. 相似文献
25.
Application potency of engineered G159 mutants on P1 substrate pocket of subtilisin YaB as improved meat tenderizers 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
A serine protease, subtilisin YaB, produced by alkalophilic Bacillus YaB, shows promises as a potent meat tenderizer, because its substrate specificity is for small amino acids, which are found at high levels in meat connective tissue proteins. Substrate specificity engineering of the substrate binding pockets was used to generate more suitable meat-tenderizing mutants, G124A, G124V, G159A, and G159S, derived from recombinant wild subtilisin YaB and expressed in Bacillus subtilis DB104. The characteristics of these recombinant enzymes were studied to evaluate their usefulness as improved meat tenderizers. The proteolytic activities of recombinant subtilisin YaB, engineered subtilisin YaBs, and commercially available papain, bromelain, collagenase, and elastase were compared using elastin, collagen, casein, and myofibrillar proteins as substrates. Hydrolysis of beef proteins was evaluated using the myofibrillar fragmentation index and collagen solubility. The results demonstrated that recombinant mutant G159A was the most improved meat tenderizer and can be used in the meat pH range of 5.5-6.0 and the temperature range of 10-50 degrees C. Contrary to the result obtained from artificial substrate, mutant enzymes engineered on G124 residues did not exhibit better tenderizing ability when elastin, collagen, or meat was used as substrate, suggesting the necessity of evaluation by real substrate before protein-engineered enzymes are applied commercially. 相似文献
26.
ABSTRACT Calla lily chlorotic spot virus (CCSV) isolated from central Taiwan was recently identified as a tospovirus serologically but distantly related to Watermelon silver mottle virus (WSMoV). To clarify the serological relationship between the two viruses, rabbit polyclonal antibody (PAb) to CCSV and mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to WSMoV NP or CCSV NP were produced in this investigation, using purified nucleocapsid protein (NP) as immunogens. The PAb to CCSV NP reacted stronger with the homologous antigen than with the heterologous antigen, with much lower A(405) readings in indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and low-intensity banding in immunoblotting. MAbs produced to CCSV NP or WSMoV NP reacted specifically with the homologous antigens but not with the heterologous antigens in both ELISA and immunoblot analyses. The CCSV S RNA was determined to be 3,172 nucleotides in length, with an inverted repeat at the 5' and 3' ends and two open reading frames encoding the NP and a nonstructural (NSs) protein in an ambisense arrangement. A typical 3'-terminal sequence (5'-AUUGCUCU-3') that is shared by all members of the genus Tospovirus also is present in the CCSV S RNA. The CCSV NP and NSs protein share low amino acid identities of 20.1 to 65.1% and 19.9 to 66.1%, respectively, with those of reported tospoviruses. Phylogenetic dendrogram analysis indicates that CCSV is a distinct member in the genus Tospovirus. The results provide evidence that CCSV is a new species in the genus Tospovirus and belongs to WSMoV serogroup. 相似文献
27.
Fipronil modulation of GABAA receptor single-channel currents 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Fipronil is the first phenylpyrazole insecticide introduced for pest control. Although fipronil is known to inhibit GABA receptors, the detailed mechanism of action remains to be seen. In order to elucidate the mechanism of fipronil interaction with the mammalian GABAA system, single-channel patch clamp experiments were performed using rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. The amplitude of main conductance state (27pS) current was not significantly altered by co-application of 10 microM fipronil and 10 microM GABA. The histograms of open time distribution were fitted to a sum of three exponential functions. After application of 10 microM fipronil, the proportion of the fastest component increased slightly and that of the slowest component decreased slightly. Thus, the mean open time was decreased from 11.4 ms to 7.8 ms by fipronil. The histograms of closed time distribution were fitted to a sum of four exponential functions. Fipronil 10 microM prolonged the slowest time constant resulting in a prolongation of the mean closed time from 29.7 ms to 52.8 ms. Thus, the frequency of channel openings was reduced. Thus, the fipronil suppression of GABA-induced whole-cell currents is caused in part by decreases in the channel open time and the frequency of channel openings. 相似文献
28.
Lo DY Chien MS Yeh KS Koge K Lin CC Hsuan SL Lee WC 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2006,68(3):219-225
This experiment aimed to evaluate the efficacy of sugar cane extract (SCE) on the modulation of porcine immunity against pseudorabies virus (PrV) infection. Twelve-week-old experimental pigs were fed with SCE (500 mg/kg of body weight per day) for 3 days and challenged with PrV (2 x 10(5) TCID(50)) on the second day. Pigs that were only challenged with PrV and without SCE-treatment served as controls. The leukocyte functional assays were performed on the 7th and 14th day post-PrV challenge. Our results showed a significant enhancement (P<0.05) of natural killer cytotoxicity, lymphocyte proliferation, phagocytic function of monocytes, and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production of CD4(+) and gammadelta T cells in the SCE-treated pigs compared with the controls. In addition, SCE administration reduced the severity of clinical signs and brain lesion in the course of disease in PrV-challenged pigs. SCE-treated pigs showed a 12% growth enhancement compared with untreated controls. SCE administration had an immunostimulating effect on porcine immunity that may subsequently enhance protective activities against PrV infection which may be extensively applied in field for the prevention of infections. 相似文献
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30.
A biological attack on livestock or poultry could result in the loss of valuable animals, costs related to the containment of outbreaks and the disposal of carcasses, lost trade and other economic effects involving suppliers, transporters, distributors and restaurants; however, it is not possible to secure all livestock, and livestock are much less well guarded than human targets. Thus, the vulnerability of the livestock industry to the introduction of biological agents varies for the following reasons: (i) the majority of lethal and contagious biological agents are environmentally resilient, endemic in foreign countries and harmless to humans, making it easier for terrorists to acquire, handle and deploy these pathogens, (ii) with animals concentrated in fewer production facilities and frequently transported between these facilities, a single pathogen introduction could cause widespread infection and (iii) the extent of human travel around the globe makes it difficult to exclude exotic animal diseases as possible biological agents. Historically, many governments have developed and planned to use biological agents for direct attacks on livestock or poultry. In the past, developed nations have actively developed biological weapons to target animals. The potential spectrum of bioterrorism ranges from isolated acts against individuals by individuals to tactical and strategic military attacks and state‐sponsored international terrorism intended to cause mass casualties in animals, humans or both. This review provides an overview of the past development and use of biological weapons and describes potential future attacks. 相似文献