Egg shell thickness patterns as shown by individual domestic hens     

C. Tyler  F. H. Geake 《British poultry science》1965,6(3):235-243

Shell thickness shows practically no variation around any one latitude, but a considerable variation from pole to pole. These so‐called patterns of shell thickness have been studied in a number of birds. It is evident that individual birds often show a fairly constant pattern of thickness over long periods of time, but that different birds have quite different patterns. Some birds show a gradually changing pattern with time. One bird sometimes laid two eggs on one day. The first egg of these two conformed to the normal pattern for that bird while the second egg showed a quite different pattern, which might be the normal pattern in reverse.  相似文献   

Two clinical manifestations of furazolidone toxicity in calves     

JW FINNIE 《Australian veterinary journal》1992,69(1):21-21

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Effects of estradiol 17 beta implants on hematologic values and the chemiluminescence response of neutrophils of steers.     

K L Angel  J Schumacher  D F Wolfe  P H Klesius  J W Tyler  R L Carson 《American journal of veterinary research》1992,53(1):78-82

The effects of subcutaneous administration of a commercially available estradiol 17 beta implant on hematologic values and the chemiluminescence response of neutrophils were evaluated in 14 steers. Chemiluminescence and hematologic values were measured in treated (n = 8) and nontreated (n = 6) steers on days -14, -7, and -1 prior to implantation. Estradiol 17B was implanted into the treated group of steers on day 0, and blood samples were obtained from all steers on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, and 50. The concentration of estrogen in serum was significantly (P = 0.0120) higher following implantation. Chemiluminescence and hematologic indices were not significantly affected by either implant status or serum concentrations of estrogen. The results of this study suggested that the use of implants containing estradiol 17 beta for promotion of weight gain in steers will not result in alterations of hematologic values or the neutrophil respiratory burst.  相似文献   

Effects of supplemental lactoferrin on serum lactoferrin and IgG concentrations and neutrophil oxidative metabolism in Holstein calves     

Dawes ME  Lakritz J  Tyler JW  Cockrell M  Marsh AE  Estes DM  Larson RL  Steevens B 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2004,18(1):104-108

Lactoferrin (LF) is an iron-binding protein present in both colostrum and secondary granules of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). We hypothesized that supplemental LF enhances neutrophil function in neonatal calves. Newborn calves were assigned to receive colostrum (C), colostrum + LF (CLF, 1 g/kg), or milk replacer + LF (MRLF, 1 g/kg). Serum (LF and IgG) and whole blood (neutrophil isolation) samples were obtained prior to treatment (day 0) and at 24 hours and 9 days of age. Serum IgG concentrations (mean +/- SD) in C, CLF, and MRLF calves at 24 hours were 1,911 +/- 994 mg/dL, 2,181 +/- 625 mg/dL, and 0 mg/ dL, respectively. Serum LF concentrations in C, CLF, and MRLF calves on day 0 were 324 +/- 334 ng/mL (range 0-863 ng/mL), 135 +/- 158 ng/mL (range 0-429 ng/mL), and 318 +/- 337 ng/mL (range 0-964 ng/mL), respectively. LF concentrations in C, CLF, and MRLF calves at 24 hours were significantly higher (P < .05), at 1,564 +/- 1,114 ng/mL (range 335-3,628 ng/mL, 2,237 +/- 936 ng/mL (range 31-3,287 ng/mL), and 3,189 +/- 926 ng/mL (range 1,736-4,120 ng/mL), respectively. Cytochrome c reduction in opsonized zymosan-treated or phorbol ester-treated cells was not significantly affected by supplemental LF provided at birth. Oral LF is absorbed in calves but does not alter PMN superoxide production and does not alter IgG absorption.  相似文献   

Antigen-specific proliferation and activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from Mycobacterium bovis-infected reindeer     

Waters WR  Palmer MV  Thacker TC  Minion FC  Davis WC 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2006,111(3-4):263-277

To evaluate antigen-specific proliferative and activation-associated responses from Mycobacterium bovis-infected reindeer, blood mononuclear cells from M. bovis- (n = 10) and non-infected reindeer (n = 4) were stimulated with a recombinant early secretory antigenic target-6 and culture filtrate protein-10 fusion protein (rESAT6:CFP10), M. bovis purified protein derivative, pokeweed mitogen, or medium alone and evaluated by flow cytometry using dye tracker analysis and cell surface marker staining. gammadelta TCR+ and CD8+ cells, but not CD4+ cells, from M. bovis-infected reindeer proliferated in response to specific antigen stimulation. Expression (i.e., mean fluorescence intensity) of CD44 was increased and CD62L decreased on proliferative as compared to non-proliferative fractions in antigen- and mitogen-stimulated cultures. In response rESAT6:CFP10 stimulation, MHC II fluorescence intensity was increased on CD4+, gammadelta TCR+, CD172a+, and IgM+ cells from infected reindeer as compared to that of non-stimulated cells from the same reindeer. Recombinant ESAT6:CFP10 stimulation also induced expansion of a CD172a+, MHC II+ population within mononuclear cell cultures from M. bovis-infected reindeer. Despite a moderate challenge dose and extended duration of incubation, experimental infection of reindeer was generally limited to lymph nodes draining the inoculation site, suggestive of host resistance to progressive disease. Present in vitro findings, therefore, may be predictive of host responses by reindeer that limit progression to disseminated disease.  相似文献   

The economics of information security     

Anderson R  Moore T 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,314(5799):610-613

The economics of information security has recently become a thriving and fast-moving discipline. As distributed systems are assembled from machines belonging to principals with divergent interests, we find that incentives are becoming as important as technical design in achieving dependability. The new field provides valuable insights not just into "security" topics (such as bugs, spam, phishing, and law enforcement strategy) but into more general areas such as the design of peer-to-peer systems, the optimal balance of effort by programmers and testers, why privacy gets eroded, and the politics of digital rights management.  相似文献   

Pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered caffeine in healthy alpacas (Lama pacos) and llamas (Lama glama)     

Lakritz J  Middleton JR  Anderson DE  Linden DR  Sams RA  Tessman RK  Tyler JW 《American journal of veterinary research》2006,67(6):1063-1069

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A proposal for the assessment of the quality of food supply veterinary medical education     

Tyler JW  Larson RL 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2006,229(8):1240-1243

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Antifungal activity of sulfur-containing salts against the development of carrot cavity spot and potato dry rot     

Ehsan Arya KolaeiRussell J. Tweddell  Tyler J. Avis 《Postharvest Biology and Technology》2012,63(1):55-59

In the search for alternatives to synthetic fungicides to control postharvest disease, sulfur-containing salts were evaluated for their effects on the mycelial growth of various fungal or fungus-like pathogens and their ability to control carrot cavity spot (Pythium sulcatum) and potato dry rot (Fusarium sambucinum). Results showed that metabisulfite-containing salts provided strong inhibition of all the tested fungi. Furthermore, some sulfate-containing salts were also directly inhibitory to P. sulcatum (calcium sulfate and ammonium sulfate) and to F. sambucinum (sodium sulfate). The metabisulfite salts also provided 100% inhibition of cavity spot and dry rot at concentrations of 50 and 200 mM, respectively. Calcium sulfate and sodium sulfate also significantly reduced carrot cavity spot lesions at 50 mM and ammonium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, potassium sulfate and sodium sulfate reduced potato dry rot lesions at 200 mM. These results indicate that various sulfate and metabisulfite salts could be used to control these postharvest microorganisms.  相似文献   

Relationships between demographic variables and lead toxicosis in cattle evaluated at North American veterinary teaching hospitals     

Mavangira V  Evans TJ  Villamil JA  Hahn AW  Chigerwe M  Tyler JW 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2008,233(6):955-959

OBJECTIVE: To determine associations between age, sex, breed, and month and year of admission and the diagnosis of lead toxicosis in cattle. DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study. Sample Population-Records of all cattle evaluated at North American veterinary teaching hospitals during the years 1963 to 2002, which were available through the Veterinary Medical Database. PROCEDURES: Logistic regression was used to evaluate the associations between postulated risk factors and the occurrence of lead toxicosis in cattle and predict the occurrence of the diagnosis of lead toxicosis in cattle. RESULTS: 413 cases of lead intoxication and 202,363 control cattle were identified and met the inclusion criteria. Cattle < 4 years of age were at increased risk for the diagnosis of lead intoxication relative to cattle > or = 4 years of age. Cattle > or = 2 months and < 6 months of age had the greatest risk for lead intoxication (odds ratio, 12.3). Angus cattle were at greater risk for toxicosis (odds ratio, 1.95), compared with other breeds. The risk of lead toxicosis was greater before 1985 (odds ratio, 1.94) than the risk thereafter. The risk of lead toxicosis diagnosis was greatest in the months of May, June, July, and August. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Lead toxicosis in cattle was associated with age < 4 years and the Angus breed. A seasonal pattern existed with peak occurrence in the late spring and summer. The occurrence of lead toxicosis has declined over time.  相似文献