Importance of prudent antibiotic use on dairy farms in South Carolina: a pilot project on farmers' knowledge, attitudes and practices     

Friedman DB  Kanwat CP  Headrick ML  Patterson NJ  Neely JC  Smith LU 《Zoonoses and public health》2007,54(9-10):366-375

Inappropriate use of antibiotics in humans and animals contributes to decreased antimicrobial susceptibility in bacteria of medical importance. Resistant bacteria being transferred from animals to humans are causing public health concern. In-person interviews were conducted with 20 dairy farmers in rural counties of South Carolina to determine farmers' knowledge and attitudes about prudent antibiotic use among livestock. Four focus groups (n = 22) were also conducted to ascertain farmers' specific information needs about proper antibiotic use. Survey results showed that participants (100%) typically determined a need for antibiotic treatment using symptom assessment and reported following some form of operating procedures regarding administration of antibiotics. Few farmers (32%) had actual written antibiotic protocols. Preferred information sources about antibiotics were veterinarians (100%) and other dairy farmers (50%). Most farmers (86%) were not concerned that overuse of antibiotics in animals could result in antibiotic resistance among farm workers. Qualitative analysis of focus groups revealed significant barriers to following proper antibiotic procedures including limited finances and lack of time. The need for bilingual educational resources for Hispanic/Latino dairy workers was expressed. Desired formats for educational materials were posters, flowcharts, videos, and seminars. Education of South Carolina dairy farmers by veterinarians and public health professionals on the appropriate use of antibiotics in dairy cattle is needed to ensure antibiotic effectiveness in both animals and humans.  相似文献   

Control of irrigation amounts using velocity and position of wetting front     

B. Zur  U. Ben-Hanan  A. Rimmer  A. Yardeni 《Irrigation Science》1994,14(4):207-212

A new approach for the estimation and control of the quantity of water applied in an irrigation is presented in which irrigation is stopped when the wetting front reaches a critical depth, Z _L. An expression for calculating the critical depth Z _L was developed. A major parameter in this expression is the velocity of advance of the wetting front, V, which was shown to be directly related to the application rate, IR, and inversely related to the initial soil water content, _i. A depth probe (patent pending) was designed, constructed and tested for the purpose of monitoring the position of the wetting front during infiltration and redistribution and for computing the value of V. Equations developed for relating the velocity of advance of the wetting front to _i as well as for estimating the value of the critical depth Z _L were successfully tested under conditions of uniform distribution of the initial soil water content. An iterative learning process which utilizes the real time output from the depth probe during each irrigation and is therefore capable of handling realistic field conditions where nonuniformity is the rule is presented. The acquired information is used to estimate a critical depth of the wetting front, Z _L, for a planned final wetted depth, Z _F, during each irrigation. This process is incorporated in the depth probe and is used to stop irrigation and thus control the quantity of water applied.  相似文献   

Simulated water and solute distribution from a crossed triple line-source     

D. A. Magnusson  J. Ben Asher 《Irrigation Science》1990,11(1):31-36

Summary Multivariable irrigation experiments are usually expensive and seldom cover the whole range of desired values. The crossed triple line-source (CTLS) was designed to provide a relatively simple and inexpensive irrigation system for creating continuous gradients of more than one variable. A computer model was developed to assist in evaluating the continuously changing multivariable levels, produced by the CTLS, given various inputs. A single sprinkler's distribution function was used in the model's development. The results of the overlapping sprinkling patterns are calculated throughout the experimental area for water depth, salinity level, and Nitrogen concentration. Measured values of irrigation water electrical conductivity (EC_i) and Nitrogen concentration were in good agreement with predicted values.  相似文献   

Agricultural practice changes with cultivating genetically modified herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape     

F. Graef  U. Stachow  A. Werner  G. Schütte 《Agricultural Systems》2007

To facilitate weed suppression, oilseed rape or canola (Brassica napus) has been genetically modified (GM) over the last two decades to incorporate herbicide tolerance (HT). The introduction of oilseed rape in commercial agriculture raises concerns about potential adverse agronomic and environmental effects linked to both the genetic modification and altered agricultural practice. How will this new crop modify the existing cropping practice? What are the potential agro-environmental implications of its introduction? This paper analyses and schematises recorded and conceivable agricultural practice changes with GMHT oilseed rape introduction and its likely agro-environmental effects. It develops a conceptual systematics of influencing factors, subsequent practice changes and likely agro-environmental effects. The results can be used to design the mandatory monitoring of adverse GM crop effects.  相似文献   

Vergleichende bodenphysikalische untersuchungen zwischen Lysimetern und Ihren Herkunftsflächen am beispiel von drei typischen böden mitteldeutschlands unter landwirtschaftlicher nutzung i. Mitteilung ermittlung bodenphysikalischer kenngrössen     

U. Keese  C. Nitsche  S. Knappe  U. Waldschmidt 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(3):209-231

Zur Quantifizierung möglicher Veränderungen zwischen langjährig genutzten Lysimetern und ihren Herkunftsflächen wurden ausgewählte bodenphysikalische Parameter ermittelt und eine erste Interpretation der angetroffenen Unterschiede zwischen Lysimeter und Herkunftsfläche vorgenommen.

Zur Ermittlung bodenhydraulischer Kenngrößen können unterschiedliche Verfahren eingesetzt werden. So wurden Saugspannungs‐Sättigungs‐Funktionen (pF‐Kurven) mittels AMHYP‐Anlage und mit der Verfahrenskombination: Sandbett‐Kaolinbett‐Drucktopfapparatur erstellt. Die dabei festgestellten deutlichen Abweichungen geben Anlaß zur Überprüfung der bisher verwendeten Verfahren, der damit ermittelten Meßwerte und deren Interpretation.  相似文献   

Infectivity,inoculum density and germination of Spongospora subterranea resting spores: a solution-culture test system1     

U. MERZ 《EPPO Bulletin》1989,19(3):585-592

Spongospora subterranea, causal agent of powdery scab of potatoes and vector of potato mop-top furovirus, survives in the soil as balls of resting spores (cystosori). So far, the factors affecting longevity, germination and infectivity of cystosori have not been investigated. A rapid and versatile bioassay with tomatoes as bait plants has been developed to quantify the infectivity of cystosorus inoculum or infested soil. The intensity of root infection, as a measure of infectivity, was determined by evaluating the quantity of zoosporangia present in epidermal cells and root hairs of the whole, stained root system. A correlation was obtained between the intensity of root infection and the cystosorus inoculum density in nutrient solution. Sterile soil suppressed the inoculum potential of pure cystosori. Infectivity of untreated soil decreased with increasing time of storage. Root infection was not influenced by the pH level of the nutrient solution.  相似文献   

Sensitivity of Rhizoctonia species to different fungicides   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

H. R. KATARIA  U. HUGELSHOFER  U. GISI 《Plant pathology》1991,40(2):203-211

Of 14 fungicides with different modes of action, cyproconazole and tolclofos-methyl were generally inhibitory both in vitro and in vivo against all tested isolates of five Rhizoctonia species belonging to the teleomorphs Thanatephorus cucumeris, Waitea circinata or Ceratobasidium cereale. Triadimenol and carboxin provided considerable variation in activity against different species and isolates, whereas prochloraz was ineffective against all isolates. Imazalil and fenarimol showed moderate control, whereas flusilazole, propiconazole, fenpropimorph and benomyl showed strong activity against R. zeae and R. oryzae, but were much less effective against R. sasakii, R. cerealis and R. solani. Benodanil and iprodione controlled all isolates of R. cerealis and R. solani, but were not very effective against R. zeae and R. oryzae. Pencycuron showed strong activity against R. sasakii and most R. solani isolates, moderate activity against R. zeae, and was ineffective against R. oryzae and R. cerealis.  相似文献   

Trifluralin effects on the development of cotton in arid zone soils     

D. DORNAI  Z. GERSTL  Y. CHEN  U. MINGELGRIN 《Weed Research》1991,31(6):375-384

The effect of trifluralin on the growth and development of cotton plants in low-organic-matter soils from the northern Negev of Israel was studied. Trifluralin exhibited linear sorp tion isotherms on these soils, Trifluralin and dinitramine losses from soils under varying moisture regimes and application practices were determined in open systems. The data were fitted to both first-order and biexponential kinetic equations. In about 50% of cases the biexponential kinetic model provided a better fit to the data, but no relationship could be found between the model parameters and environmental or soil properties. Losses were generally greater at field capacity than at 50% field capacity, and at 27°C than at 15°C, and in soils with a lower organic matter content. The trifluralin application rate was negatively correlated with vegetative growth parameters of cotton, but the correlation became weaker with increasing soil organic carbon content. Trifluralin delayed boll production in coarse textured soils, the longest delay occurring at higher application rates. It is concluded that in light soils that contain very little organic matter, trifluralin rates must be maintained at the minimum level required for adequate weed control to prevent damage to crops.  相似文献   

2.2 A differentiated test method for examination of the sensitivity of cereal powdery mildews (Erysiphe graminis) to DMI fungicides     

U. SCHULZ 《EPPO Bulletin》1991,21(2):296-298

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2.3 A method for routine testing of the sensitivity of cereal powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis) to DMI fungicides     

U. SCHULZ 《EPPO Bulletin》1991,21(2):298-301

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