Whole blood transfusions in 91 cats: a clinical evaluation     

Weingart C  Giger U  Kohn B 《Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery》2004,6(3):139-148

This survey assessed the feline transfusion practices at the University of Berlin from 1998 to 2001 in regard to patient population, indications, efficacy, and transfusion reactions. Blood was obtained from seven healthy in-house donors and 127 mostly indoor client-owned pet cats. Over a 3-year period 91 cats were transfused with blood type compatible blood. The blood was fresh (within 8 h of collection) or stored no longer than 15 days. Transfusions were required because of blood loss anaemia (n=40), haemolytic anaemia (n=13), ineffective erythropoiesis (n=35), hypoproteinaemia (n=2) or coagulopathy (n=2). The anaemic cats had a pretransfusion haematocrit of 5-20% (m [median]=13), and received one to six transfusions (m=1). The survival rates of the anaemic cats at 1 and 10 days after transfusion were 84 and 64%, respectively. None of the deaths appeared to be related to transfusion reactions. The major crossmatch, undertaken before 117 transfusions, was incompatible for eight cats. All except for one had previously been transfused. Lysis of transfused cells in six cases resulted in a less than expected haematocrit rise and an increase in serum bilirubin. Transient mild transfusion reactions were only noted in two cats during the second or third transfusion. In conclusion, with proper donor selection and appropriate compatibility screening, blood transfusions are well tolerated, appear effective, and may increase chances of survival.  相似文献   

Comparison of perioperative racemic methadone, levo-methadone and dextromoramide in cats using indicators of post-operative pain     

Rohrer Bley C  Neiger-Aeschbacher G  Busato A  Schatzmann U 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2004,31(3):175-182

OBJECTIVE: To compare three opioid agonist drugs for perioperative analgesia in cats. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, blind, controlled, randomised trial. ANIMALS: Ninety client-owned cats, weighing 3.1 (2.1-4.5) kg, aged 14.6 (6.0-84.0) months, were studied. METHODS: Seventy-six cats, scheduled for ovariectomy, received either 0.6 mg kg(-1) racemic methadone, 0.3 mg kg(-1) levo-methadone, 0.05 mg kg(-1) dextromoramide or a saline placebo IM. Behaviour and body position were assessed and scored 20 minutes later by a single 'blinded' observer. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with halothane. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), Fe'CO2 and SpO2 were recorded during anaesthesia. Post-operatively, pain was categorised as absent, moderate or severe, on the basis of appearance, behaviour and response to palpation of the surgical wound (pain score). Appearance, pain scores and physiological variables were monitored every 30 minutes, for a duration of 4 hours. Differences between time-dependent continuous variables were analysed using mixed models for repeated measurements. Differences in categorical, time-dependent variables were analysed using chi2-tests. Significance was set at p < or = 0.05. RESULTS: There were no significant changes in appearance after pre-anaesthetic medication. After surgery, there was no association between appearance and pain score with HR or RR. The assessment of pain depended on comparison with the placebo group, by comparing animals' reactions to wound palpation. Sixteen of the 18 cats in the placebo group and 14 of the 19 cats in the dextromoramide group showed signs of moderate-to-severe pain after surgery. In the levo-methadone group (n = 20), one animal showed pain after 60 minutes and two after 120 minutes. One cat in the racemic methadone group (n = 19) showed pain signs and behavioural changes at 60 minutes. Compared to the two methadone groups, 'rescue' analgesia was required more often in cats treated with dextromoramide or saline. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Dextromoramide (0.05 mg kg(-1)) was ineffective, while racemic methadone (0.6 mg kg(-1)) and levo-methadone (0.3 mg kg(-1)) provided effective analgesia in cats following ovariectomy, without behavioural, respiratory or cardiovascular side effects.  相似文献   

Frequencies of blood type A, B and AB in non-pedigree domestic cats in Turkey     

Arikan S  Gurkan M  Ozaytekin E  Dodurka T  Giger U 《The Journal of small animal practice》2006,47(1):10-13

OBJECTIVES: To determine the distribution of blood types and to estimate the proportion of matings at risk for neonatal isoerythrolysis in non-pedigree domestic cats. METHODS: The present survey determined the frequency of blood types in 301 cats from four distinct regions of Turkey. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-anticoagulated blood samples were typed by simple tube and slide agglutination assays. Serum obtained from type B cats and an anti-B solution, prepared with Triticum vulgaris, were used to determine type A and type B blood, respectively. RESULTS: Of the 301 cats typed, 220 had type A blood, 74 had type B and seven had type AB. There was a significant difference (P<0.01) between the locations of the cats, with fewer type B cats in the eastern than in the western parts of Turkey. Risk for the development of neonatal isoerythrolysis due to A-B mismatch was estimated to be 18.6 per cent. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The overall type B frequency in Turkish domestic cats is high. Thus, untyped transfusions in these cats carry a high risk of life-threatening acute haemolytic transfusion reactions and neonatal isoerythrolysis. It is therefore strongly recommended that blood typing be performed before breeding or transfusing in order to minimise blood type incompatibility risks.  相似文献   

The challenge of micropollutants in aquatic systems   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Schwarzenbach RP  Escher BI  Fenner K  Hofstetter TB  Johnson CA  von Gunten U  Wehrli B 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,313(5790):1072-1077

The increasing worldwide contamination of freshwater systems with thousands of industrial and natural chemical compounds is one of the key environmental problems facing humanity. Although most of these compounds are present at low concentrations, many of them raise considerable toxicological concerns, particularly when present as components of complex mixtures. Here we review three scientific challenges in addressing water-quality problems caused by such micropollutants. First, tools to assess the impact of these pollutants on aquatic life and human health must be further developed and refined. Second, cost-effective and appropriate remediation and water-treatment technologies must be explored and implemented. Third, usage and disposal strategies, coupled with the search for environmentally more benign products and processes, should aim to minimize introduction of critical pollutants into the aquatic environment.  相似文献   

Erythrocytic Pyruvate Kinase Mutations Causing Hemolytic Anemia,Osteosclerosis, and Secondary Hemochromatosis in Dogs     

G. Inal Gultekin  K. Raj  P. Foureman  S. Lehman  K. Manhart  O. Abdulmalik  U. Giger 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2012,26(4):935-944

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Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic profile of artesunate, artemether and their metabolites in sheep naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica     

Duthaler U  Huwyler J  Rinaldi L  Cringoli G  Keiser J 《Veterinary parasitology》2012,186(3-4):270-280

The pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of artesunate, artemether and their metabolites dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and dihydroartemisinin-glucuronide (DHA-glucuronide) were determined in sheep naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica. Sheep were treated either with artesunate (intramuscular (i.m.): 40 and 60 mg/kg) or artemether (i.m.: 40 and 160 mg/kg; oral: 80 mg/kg). Blood samples were withdrawn at selected time points post treatment and the artemisinins were quantified in plasma by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The in vitro effect of the metabolites against F. hepatica was investigated using a phenotype-based assay and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Following artesunate applications (40 and 60 mg/kg), comparable C(max) (maximal plasma concentration) and AUCs (area under the plasma concentration-time curve) were observed for artesunate (C(max): 8.4×10(3) and 9.4×10(3)ng/ml; AUC: 6.9×10(5) and 9.7×10(5) ng min/ml), DHA (C(max): both 2.4×10(3)ng/ml; AUC: 3.7×10(5) and 5.0×10(5) ng min/ml), and DHA-glucuronide (C(max): 1.7×10(4) and 1.6×10(4)ng/ml; AUC: 2.6×10(6) and 3.3×10(6) ng min/ml). Mean elimination half-lifes (t(1/2)) of artesunate, DHA and DHA-glucuronide ranged between 58 and 63 min, 94 and 113min, and 89 and 98 min, respectively. The i.m. oil-based drug formulation liberated artemether slowly and constant levels of artemether and its metabolites were observed during the entire sampling period (24 h). The AUCs of all analytes were significantly higher for the i.m. 160 mg/kg dose compared to i.m. 40 and oral 80 mg/kg doses (P=0.018). Mean C(max) of artemether (2126 and 426 ng/ml) and DHA-glucuronide (3477 and 1587 ng/ml) were higher following oral compared to i.m. (160 mg/kg) treatments (P>0.068), whereas C(max) of DHA was significantly higher following i.m. applications (P=0.0062). DHA rapidly reduced the viability of F. hepatica in vitro, whereas DHA-glucuronide showed no activity. SEM observations revealed only minor and focal tegumental alterations in few of the DHA treated worms. The calculated PK parameters reflect the anthelmintic activity of artesunate and artemether following different routes of application and will aid in the design of future studies with these drugs.  相似文献   

A comparison of the antinociceptive effects of xylazine, detomidine and romifidine on experimental pain in horses     

Moens Y  Lanz F  Doherr MG  Schatzmann U 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2003,30(3):183-190

Objective To study the analgesic potency of the α₂‐agonist romifidine in the horse using both an electrical current and a mechanical pressure model for nociceptive threshold testing. In addition, a comparison was made with doses of detomidine and xylazine that produce equivalent degrees of sedation. Study design Randomized, placebo‐controlled, blinded cross‐over study. Animals Six adult Swiss warmblood horses, one mare and five geldings, weighing from 530 to 650 kg and aged 6–15 years. Methods Nociceptive thresholds were measured using an electrical stimulus applied to the coronary band and using a pneumatically operated pin pressing on the cannon bone. Measurements were made immediately before and every 15 minutes for 2 hours after IV injection of the test substances. Lifting of the foot indicated the test end point. Results The three α₂‐agonists caused a temporary increase in nociceptive thresholds with a maximal effect within 15 minutes and a return to baseline levels within 1 hour. Using electrical current testing nociceptive thresholds were significantly different from placebo (mean ± SD) for detomidine at 15 minutes (from control 5.8 ± 0.9 to 23.3 ± 3.9 mA, p = 0.0066) and 30 minutes (from control 6.6 ± 1.1 to 18.8 ± 3.3 mA, p = 0.0091). The difference was significant for romifidine at 15 minutes only (from control 5.8 ± 0.9 to 18.7 ± 3.8 mA, p = 0.0066). With mechanical pressure testing nociceptive thresholds were significantly different from control for detomidine at 15 minutes (from 3.2 ± 0.2 to 6.2 ± 0.5 N, p = 0.00076) and 30 minutes (from 3.2 ± 0.7 to 5.7 ± 0.8 N, p = 0.0167). The difference was significant for xylazine at 15 minutes (from control 3.2 ± 0.2 to 5.6 ± 0.7 N, p = 0.0079). At 15 minutes the order of magnitude of the measured antinociceptive effect was significantly different between the two pain tests for both romifidine and detomidine, but not for xylazine. For romifidine, the increase of mean thresholds compared to placebo was 4.0 ± 1.3 times placebo levels with the electrical current test compared to 1.3 ± 0.3 times for the mechanical pressure test (p = 0.037). For detomidine, the increase of mean thresholds compared to placebo was 5.4 ± 1.7 times control levels with the electrical current test compared to 2.0 ± 0.2 times for the mechanical pressure test (p = 0.040). This represents a 2.7 (romifidine) and 3.4 times (detomidine) greater increase in thresholds using electrical current testing compared to the use of mechanical pressure testing. Conclusion and clinical relevance This study demonstrates the analgesic potential of α₂‐agonists in the horse for somatic pain and that they can have quantitatively different antinociceptive effects according to the antinociceptive test used.  相似文献   

SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 Mutations in Autosomal Recessive or Dominant Canine Cystinuria: A New Classification System     

A.‐K. Brons  P.S. Henthorn  K. Raj  C.A. Fitzgerald  J. Liu  A.C. Sewell  U. Giger 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2013,27(6):1400-1408

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Effect of foliar fertilization application on the growth and mineral nutrient content of maize seedlings under drought and salinity   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Yuncai HU  Zoltan BURUCS  Urs SCHMIDHALTER 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2008,54(1):133-141

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土壤有机碳对沼渣或牛粪施用后温室气体排放潜力的影响—盆栽试验结果     

Gawan HEINTZE  Tim EICKENSCHEIDT  Urs SCHMIDHALTER  Matthias DR&#;SLER 《土壤圈》2017,27(5):807-821

A change in the European Union energy policy has markedly promoted the expansion of biogas production.Consequently,large amounts of nutrient-rich residues are being used as organic fertilizers.In this study,a pot experiment was conducted to simulate the high-risk situation of enhanced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions following organic fertilizer application in energy maize cultivation.We hypothesized that cattle slurry application enhanced CO2 and N2O fluxes compared to biogas digestate because of the overall higher carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) input,and that higher levels of CO2 and N2O emissions could be expected by increasing soil organic C (SOC) and N contents.Biogas digestate and cattle slurry,at a rate of 150 kg NH4+-N ha-1,were incorporated into 3 soil types with low,medium,and high SOC contents (Cambisol,Mollic Gleysol,and Sapric Histosol,termed Clow,Cmedium,and Chigh,respectively).The GHG exchange (CO2,CH4,and N2O) was measured on 5 replicates over a period of 22 d using the closed chamber technique.The application of cattle slurry resulted in significantly higher CO2 and N2O fluxes compared to the application of biogas digestate.No differences were observed in CH4 exchange,which was close to zero for all treatments.Significantly higher CO2 emissions were observed in Chigh compared to the other two soil types,whereas the highest N2O emissions were observed in Cmedium.Thus,the results demonstrate the importance of soil type-adapted fertilization with respect to changing soil physical and environmental conditions.  相似文献