Rheological properties and sugar composition of locust bean gum from different carob varieties (Ceratonia siliqua L.)     

Rizzo V  Tomaselli F  Gentile A  La Malfa S  Maccarone E 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(26):7925-7930

The seeds of the main Italian carob varieties, Latinissima and Tantillo, and those of two selected accessions of Latinissima were evaluated in terms of yield, rheological properties, and sugar composition of the endosperm (LBG). The separation of the seed components in Latinissima and its seedlings yielded meanly 52.2% gum, 17.4% germ, and 30.5% tegument, whereas Tantillo furnished a lower gum yield (38.5%) and a higher yield of tegument (45.8%). The viscosity of 1% LBG aqueous solutions was measured at different shear rates (3-60 rpm), pH values (3.0-6.0), and temperatures (10-60 degrees C). The best results were shown by Latinissima, whereas Tantillo provided always the poorest thickening capacity. The content of free simple sugars and sucrose in the raw flours, the total monosaccharide residues after acidic hydrolysis, the mannose/galactose ratio, and the distribution of polysaccharides by size exclusion chromatography accounted for the observed viscosities. The seeds of Latinissima showed the highest technological potential.  相似文献   

Soil communities (Acari Oribatida; Hexapoda Collembola) in a clay pigeon shooting range     

Massimo Migliorini  Gaia Pigino  Pietro Paolo Fanciulli  Fabio Bernini 《Pedobiologia》2005,49(1):1-13

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Fusarium genetic traceability: Role for mycotoxin control in small grain cereals agro-food chains     

Caterina Morcia  Elisa Rattotti  A. Michele Stanca  Giorgio Tumino  Vittorio Rossi  Stefano Ravaglia  Christoph U. Germeier  Matthias Herrmann  Ivana Polisenska  Valeria Terzi 《Journal of Cereal Science》2013

Risks associated with mycotoxin contamination of cereals, that are included in the ten major staple foods and greatly contribute to the dietary energy intake, are of worldwide relevance. In small grain cereals, mycotoxins are produced by fungi such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria and Fusarium that colonize the plant in the field and can grow during the post-harvest period, producing several classes of mycotoxins. The identification of mycotoxigenic fungal species and strains is essential for developing effective strategies for control. For this purpose, genetic traceability has proved to be a valuable tool that can be applied along the whole production chain, starting in the field for early diagnosis of FHB (Fusarium Head Blight) disease to the final processing steps, such as malting or pasta making. In this paper, DNA-based analytical tools that are currently available for the identification and quantification of mycotoxigenic fungal species and strains are reviewed, with particular emphasis on Fusarium, and their possible applications in mycotoxin control in small grain cereal chains are discussed.  相似文献   

Evaluation of Intra‐Abdominal Pressure in Horses That Crib     

Valeria Albanese DVM  Fred J. DeGraves DVM  PhD  R. Reid Hanson DVM  Diplomate ACVS & ACVECC 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2013,42(6):658-662

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Lymphocyte activation as cytokine gene expression and secretion is related to the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) isolate after in vitro homologous and heterologous recall of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from pigs vaccinated and exposed to natural infection     

Luca Ferrari  Paolo Martelli  Roberta Saleri  Elena De Angelis  Valeria Cavalli  Marcello Bresaola  Michele Benetti  Paolo Borghetti 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2013,151(3-4):193-206

The present study evaluated the lymphocyte activation in PRRSV-vaccinated pigs subsequently exposed to natural infection by in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with homologous vaccine and two heterologous PRRSV isolates. The responsiveness was assessed by determining IFN-γ secreting cells by ELISpot assay, lymphocyte CD8 phenotype by intracellular staining/flow cytometry, cytokine gene expression by real-time quantitative PCR and cytokine secretion by ELISA. Conventional pigs were weaned at 28 days of age and inoculated intramuscularly (IM) or needle-less intradermally (ID) with a modified-live PRRSV vaccine suspended in adjuvant, while control pigs were injected with adjuvant alone (ADJ). Blood samples were collected at vaccination, 35 days post-vaccination and after 35 days post-exposure to natural infection by a heterologous field strain. Thirty-five days post-vaccination, PRRSV vaccine induced a low but significant virus-specific IFN-γ secreting cell response upon stimulation with both the vaccine strain and the two isolates in vaccinated pigs. Conversely, after 35 days post-exposure, only the vaccine strain and the BS/114/S isolate triggered this response. Intracellular staining showed that PRRSV-specific immune cells reacting upon vaccine strain and BS/114/S stimulation were mostly CD8⁺ IFN-γ producing cells whereas the stimulation with BS/55 isolate induced an IFN-γ production associated to the CD8^?IFN-γ⁺ phenotype. At 35 days post-vaccination, PBMC from vaccinated pigs showed lower IL-10 expression and release, and higher TNF-α gene expression upon stimulation with both the vaccine and viral isolates. After infection, both cytokines were not differently modulated in different groups. Immune parameters give evidence that IFN-γ secreting cells in the peripheral blood can be elicited upon PRRSV infection although vaccination itself does not stimulate high levels of these reactive cells. Moreover, the cross-reactivity against divergent PRRS viruses can show a different intensity and be differently associated with cytotoxic CD8⁺IFN-γ⁺ as well as CD8^?IFN-γ⁺ cells. Overall, the obtained data confirmed that the immune activation against PRRSV is not dependent on the genetic divergence of the virus. Especially after infection, a different immune reactivity was evident upon stimulation with the different isolates in terms of frequency and CD8 phenotype of PRRSV-specific IFN-γ producing cells. The modulation of cytokines in vaccinated pigs appeared to be more dependent on vaccination or infection conditions than on stimulation by different isolates, and the changes of IL-10 more relevant than those of TNF-α at gene and protein levels. Moreover, under the conditions of this study, the PRRSV vaccine administered via the intradermal route by a needle-less device was confirmed to induce an immune response comparable or in some cases higher than the intramuscular route.  相似文献   

Large-scale in vitro propagation of giant reed (Arundo donax L.), a promising biomass species     

Valeria Cavallaro  Simona Tringali  Cristina PatanÈ 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(5):452-456

Summary

Giant reed (Arundo donax L.), a promising energy crop, is vegetatively-propagated from fragments of stems and rhizomes. This may limit large-scale cultivation, since it is time-consuming and involves considerable cost and effort. Tissue culture is an alternative to conventional methods of vegetative propagation and may represent a useful tool for large-scale propagation of plants for biomass production programmes. This report describes a protocol for the large-scale in vitro propagation of giant reed by adventitious bud formation. Stem nodes with dormant buds proved to be the most effective to initiate in vitro cultures giving the highest percentage of differentiated shoots (77%) compared to the other plant fractions tested. A sterilisation procedure using 5 g l^–1 HgCl₂ enabled the production of sterile explants. Moreover, early results indicated that late Autumn excision dates not only gave a higher percentage of well-developed shoots ( > 80%), but also a lower level of bacterial contamination (15 – 20%). 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) at 3.0 mg l^–1 was most effective in promoting shoot multiplication when added to a basal medium containing Murashige and Skoog (MS) macro- and micro-nutrients, Morel’s vitamins, 30 g l^–1 sucrose, and 7.0 g l^–1 bacteriological agar supplemented with 1.0 mg l^–1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 0.05 mg l^–1 gibberellic acid (GA₃). Rooting was successfully induced on the same basal medium used for proliferation, modified by halving the MS macro-nutrients and replacing BAP and the other growth regulators with 2.0 mg l^–1 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Successful acclimatisation (> 95% survival) of plantlets was carried out, even in late Winter, in a cold greenhouse or under simpler facilities such as shade nets.  相似文献   

Effects of different management practices on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity in maize fields by a molecular approach     

Roberto Borriello  Erica Lumini  Mariangela Girlanda  Paola Bonfante  Valeria Bianciotto 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2012,48(8):911-922

As obligate mutualistic symbionts, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonize the roots of many agricultural crops, and it is often claimed that agricultural practices are detrimental to AMF. As a result, agroecosystems impoverished in AMF may not get the fully expected range of benefits from these fungi. Using molecular markers on DNA extracted directly from soil and roots, we studied the effects of different management practices (tillage and N fertilization) on the AMF communities colonizing an experimental maize field in Central Italy. Our molecular analysis based on three different nuclear rRNA regions (18S, 28S and ITS) allowed us to assess AMF biodiversity. Glomeraceae members were the main colonizer, and they co-occurred with Gigasporaceae and Paraglomus regardless of the management practices applied. Diversisporaceae and Entrophosporaceae members were instead detected in the N-fertilized soils and in the untreated soil, respectively. The results obtained indicated that the general AMF assemblages structure and composition in the maize field plots appear to be primarily influenced by N fertilization and, to a lesser extent, by tillage. This study also validates the usefulness of multiple molecular markers to consolidate and refine the assessment of the environmental AMF diversity.  相似文献   

Spectroscopic properties of humic acids isolated from the rhizosphere and bulk soil compartments and fractionated by size-exclusion chromatography   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Valeria D'Orazio  Nicola Senesi 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2009,41(9):1775-1781

The humic acids (HAs) isolated by conventional procedure from rhizosphere (r) and bulk (c) soils were analyzed by means of chemical and physico-chemical techniques. Two different crops were selected, tomato (T) and artichoke (A), and each HA was fractionated by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) into three fractions with increasing molecular size, respectively, Fraction I (FrI) < Fraction II (FrII) < Fraction III (FrIII). Elemental analysis data indicated greater N and S contents in the rhizosphere T-HAs, with respect to rhizosphere A-HA, which suggests the occurrence in the former ones of a large amount of organic nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds that are released by the rhizodeposition processes. Further, the three HA fractions from the bulk soils of the two series showed a gradual increase of C, H, and N contents, and a decrease of O and S contents and C/N and C/H ratios. These results suggested that the lowest molecular size fractions are richer in oxygenated functional groups, whereas the higher molecular size fractions are richer in N-containing groups and structural C- and H-containing units. The three HA fractions from the rhizosphere soils of the two series showed a gradual decrease in C content, and an increase of H, N, and O contents, which suggests the possible incorporation into soil HAs of a multitude of C-containing compounds of low molecular size released by plant roots. The FT-IR data, in general, suggested that the contents of carboxylic, phenolic and N-containing groups and polysaccharide-like components in HAs from rhizosphere soils are larger than those of HAs from the corresponding bulk soils. Further, the FrI fraction consisted mainly of simple structural units, likely quinonic and phenolic units with a prevalent aromatic character, whereas the FrII and, especially, FrIII fractions featured a mixed aliphatic/aromatic nature and a greater molecular complexity. The extent of these differences appeared to depend on the plant species and age, and is mainly due to the partial incorporation into rhizosphere HAs of typical root exudate components, such as amino acids, amides, aliphatic and aromatic acids of low molecular size, polysaccharides and sugars, fatty acids and sterols, and enzymes.  相似文献   

‘Candidatus phytoplasma solani’ genotypes associated with potato stolbur in Serbia and the role of Hyalesthes obsoletus and Reptalus panzeri (hemiptera,cixiidae) as natural vectors     

Milana Mitrović  Miljana Jakovljević  Jelena Jović  Oliver Krstić  Andrea Kosovac  Valeria Trivellone  Mauro Jermini  Ivo Toševski  Tatjana Cvrković 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2016,144(3):619-630

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From biology to management of Savi's pine vole (Microtus savii)          下载免费PDF全文

Elisa Ranchelli  Ralf Barfknecht  Dario Capizzi  Francesco Riga  Valeria Mazza  Filippo Dell'Agnello  Marco Zaccaroni 《Pest management science》2016,72(5):857-863

Savi's pine vole (Microtus savii) is a rodent species of the Cricetidae family, inhabiting southern European agroecosystems. It is considered to be the main cause of rodent‐attributed damage in Italy. To achieve an effective management, detailed knowledge of this species is needed. However, the available information about this species is fragmentary and incomplete. In this paper, the existing knowledge of Savi's pine vole taxonomy, reproduction, population dynamics, habitat and food preferences is reviewed in order to organise available information and identify priority areas of future research. Some of the changes in farming practices that have occurred in recent decades may have increased the impact of Savi's pine vole populations in crop fields. To manage this pest species effectively, an integrated strategy is recommended (involving habitat management, trapping and, when appropriate, the use of rodenticides). The apparent lack of cyclical population outbreaks and the relatively small litter size and long gestation and interpartum period of this species suggest that it could be more manageable than other vole species, while its strict herbivorous diet, stable population size in open habitats and wide distribution seem to indicate it as an ideal model species for risk assessment studies. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献