Three-dimensional numerical analysis of water transfer in wood: determination of an expression for the effective mass diffusivity     

Wilton Pereira da Silva  Laerson Duarte da Silva  Vera Solange de Oliveira Farias  Cleide Maria Diniz Pereira da Silva e Silva  Jair Stefanini Pereira de Ataíde 《Wood Science and Technology》2013,47(5):897-912

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Standardizing resistance screening to Pseudomonas fuscovaginae and evaluation of rice germplasm at seedling and adult plant growth stages     

Dante L. Adorada  B. J. Stodart  C. Vera Cruz  G. Gregorio  I. Pangga  G. J. Ash 《Euphytica》2013,192(1):1-16

Sheath lesions, grain sterility and grain discolouration of rice caused by Pseudomonas fuscovaginae can cause yield losses of up to 100 %. The most sustainable method of managing this disease is the use of host plant resistance. To identify sources of resistance an inoculation method that is practical, rapid and reliable is needed. We compare three different inoculation methods. Results showed that the pin-prick method is appropriate for identifying sources of resistance to P. fuscovaginae, while the spray method could be useful for mass screening of rice genotypes. The seed-soaking method was also evaluated and has showed potential in detection of early disease resistance. A total of 16 Multiparent Advanced Generation Inter-Crosses and 20 OryzaSNP set varieties from the International Rice Research Institute were evaluated using the pin-prick and seed-soaking methods. All growth stages were susceptible to the pathogen and the 10⁷ cfu mL^?1 inoculum concentration was optimal for discriminating between resistant and susceptible genotypes. For the pin-prick method, a single point assessment of disease severity at 14 days post-inoculation could be used instead of the AUDPC values to classify genotypes. An index of reduction in seedling height 10 days after seed soaking was established for the classification of the genotypes reaction to the disease. Resistant varieties identified using both the pin-prick and seed-soaking methods could be verified for use in disease resistance breeding programs. Of the 36 genotypes evaluated 22 were found to be resistant at the late booting or early panicle exsertion stage by pin-prick method, while 25 were resistant at the seed to germination stage. No correlation was found between the resistance classification of varieties between the two inoculation methods, indicating that there could be different mechanisms of resistance to P. fuscovaginae in rice.  相似文献   

Use of voluntarily fortified foods among adults in Finland     

Hirvonen T  Kara A  Korkalo L  Sinkko H  Ovaskainen ML  Mikkilä V 《Public health nutrition》2012,15(5):802-810

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Specific Antiproliferative Properties of Proteinaceous Toxin Secretions from the Marine Annelid Eulalia sp. onto Ovarian Cancer Cells     

Ana P. Rodrigo  Vera M. Mendes  Bruno Manadas  Ana R. Grosso  Antnio P. Alves de Matos  Pedro V. Baptista  Pedro M. Costa  Alexandra R. Fernandes 《Marine drugs》2021,19(1)

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Vmp1 and stamp genes variability of ‘Candidatus phytoplasma solani’ in Bosnian and Herzegovinian grapevine     

Duška Delić  Bachir Balech  Mariana Radulović  Biljana Lolić  Ana Karačić  Vera Vukosavljević  Gordana Đurić  Tatjana Jovanović Cvetković 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2016,145(1):221-225

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Evaluation of changes in antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Pasteurella multocida subsp multocida isolates from pigs in Spain in 1987-1988 and 2003-2004     

Lizarazo YA  Ferri EF  de la Fuente AJ  Martín CB 《American journal of veterinary research》2006,67(4):663-668

OBJECTIVE: To determine the susceptibility of strains of Pasteurella multocida subsp multocida isolated from lung specimens of pigs with pneumonia to 20 antimicrobials and to evaluate the emergence of resistance to those antimicrobials in Spain during the past 2 decades. SAMPLE POPULATION: 63 isolates recovered from 1987 to 1988 and 132 isolates recovered from 2003 to 2004. PROCEDURE: A broth microdilution method was used to determine minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) range and values for MIC50 and MIC90. Resistance of a strain to an antimicrobial agent was determined by use of the breakpoint value when available. RESULTS: Isolates were generally susceptible to penicillin, ampicillin, ceftiofur, gentamicin, apramycin, neomycin, spectinomycin, chlortetracycline, erythromycin, tilmicosin, enrofloxacin, and florfenicol, and most isolates were resistant to clindamycin, tylosin tartrate, and tiamulin regardless of the time period. A substantial increase in resistance to sulfa-chlorpiridazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfathiazole, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was observed, and a minor increase in resistance to oxytetracycline was also detected. Several multiresistance patterns were observed, most frequently among isolates recovered in the 2003 to 2004 interval. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Ceftiofur, florfenicol, and enrofloxacin are recommended for treatment of infections caused by P multocida subsp multocida in Spain. Increased frequency of resistance to oxytetracycline and sulfonamide drugs may be a contraindication for their use.  相似文献   

Beach nourishment: an ecologically sound coastal defence alternative? A review     

Jeroen Speybroeck  Dries Bonte  Wouter Courtens  Tom Gheskiere  Patrick Grootaert  Jean‐Pierre Maelfait  Mieke Mathys  Sam Provoost  Koen Sabbe  Eric W.M. Stienen  Vera Van Lancker  Magda Vincx  Steven Degraer 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2006,16(4):419-435

• 1. Even though beach nourishment is generally considered as an environment‐friendly option for coastal protection and beach restoration, sizeable impacts on several beach ecosystem components (microphytobenthos, vascular plants, terrestrial arthropods, marine zoobenthos and avifauna) are described in the literature, as reviewed in this paper.
• 2. Negative, ecosystem‐component specific effects of beach nourishment dominate in the short to medium term, with the size of the impact being determined by (1) activities during the construction phase, (2) the quality and (3) the quantity of the nourishment sand, (4) the timing, place and size of project, and (5) the nourishment technique and strategy applied. Over the long term the speed and degree of ecological recovery largely depend on the physical characteristics of the beach habitat, mainly determined by (1) sediment quality and quantity, (2) the nourishment technique and strategy applied, (3) the place and the size of nourishment and (4) the physical environment prior to nourishment.
• 3. The limited information available on indirect and cumulative ecological effects indicates that these effects cannot be neglected in an overall impact assessment. Hence, for ecologically good practice of beach nourishment it is advised (1) to choose nourishment sands with a sediment composition comparable to that of the natural sediment, (2) to avoid short‐term compaction by ploughing immediately after construction, (3) to execute the nourishment in a period of low beach use by birds and other mobile organisms, (4) to choose a number of smaller projects rather than a single large nourishment project and (5) to select the nourishment technique with respect to the local natural values.
• 4. In order to allow an objective, scientifically sound, ecological adjustment of future nourishments, research should aim at (1) taking into account the full sandy beach ecosystem, (2) avoiding strategic imperfections in experimental design and (3) elucidating the biological processes behind impact and recovery of all ecosystem components.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Artificial insemination of small ruminants - a review     

Faigl V  Vass N  Jávor A  Kulcsár M  Solti L  Amiridis G  Cseh S 《Acta veterinaria Hungarica》2012,60(1):115-129

Artificial insemination (AI) can undoubtedly be regarded as the oldest and most widely used assisted reproductive technique/technology (ART) applied in livestock production and it is one of the most important ARTs. The three cornerstones of its application are that it is simple, economical and successful. Artificial insemination offers many well-known benefits for producers. Fresh, fresh + diluted + chilled and frozen semen can be used for AI in small ruminants. To ensure its successful use, the AI technique must be selected on the basis of the type of semen planned to be used. This review paper gives a detailed overview of semen processing and its effects on semen quality, as well as of the AI techniques applied in small ruminants and their success rates.  相似文献   

Floral resource partitioning by ants and bees in a jambolan Syzygium jambolanum (Myrtaceae) agroforestry system in Brazilian Meridional Amazon     

Wesley Dáttilo  Rodrigo L. Martins  Vera Uhde  Janaína C. Noronha  Fernando P. Florêncio  Thiago J. Izzo 《Agroforestry Systems》2012,85(1):105-111

The fruit production of flowering plants critically depends on the pollination services provided by animals that compete for flower resources. The output of competitive interactions between ants and bees for inflorescences of jambolan Syzygium jambolanum (Myrtaceae) in an agroforestry system in Brazilian Meridional Amazonian are an interesting system of investigation due the possibility to control variables experimentally. In 20 S. jambolanum individuals we performed 300 treatments in different inflorescences of two strata (upper and lower) as follows: (1) ants exclusion, (2) bees exclusion, and (3) control group where ants and bees could access the inflorescences. There was no difference in the number of inflorescences, volume of nectar and sugar concentration between the strata. Also the visitors considered are distributed equally in the tree??s stratum. When bees were prevented from access the inflorescences, ants dominated more inflorescences only in the lower stratum. On the contrary, when ants were excluded, bees visited more inflorescences only in the upper stratum. We conclude that ants prevent the access to bees and vice versa as the result of different ability of resource utilization and foraging strategies. Thus, preventing the access of ants to the floral nectar could increase the level of nectar available to pollinators of S. jambolanum, thereby increasing productivity and reducing economic losses.  相似文献   

The first record of tetrasomy in pea (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pisum sativum</Emphasis> L.)     

Oleg E. Kosterin  Elvira R. Galieva  Vera S. Bogdanova 《Euphytica》2009,166(1):109-121

Tetrasomic plants with two additional small chromosomes were identified, with a frequency about 2.5%, in the trisomic pea line TRUST-R, which normally contains one extra chromosome covering a sporophyte lethal in the regular chromosome set. As compared to trisomics, tetrasomics exhibited an enhanced expression of the traits resulting from extra chromosome addition: slow growth, enlarged bracts, shortened peduncles, wavy leaflets and stipulae. They were almost sterile, their pollen contained a variable proportion of empty grains and some anomalously large, small or deformed grains. In metaphase I, two extra chromosomes did not form a stable bivalent and only in some cases were situated close to each other. In anaphase I, the extra chromosomes migrated independently to either pole or retarded in the equatorial plain, the same was observed for chromatids in anaphase II. This retardation resulted in anomalous cytokinesis, so that triads, dyads and half-divided or non-divided monads appeared. The retarded extra chromosomes may form small extra nuclei either included into one of the microspores or forming a separate miniature cell; in this way tetrasomics may eliminate extra chromosomes. One of the tetrasomics analysed formed an exceptionally high proportion of microspore pentads. In the regluar TRUST-R trisomics, the sole extra chromosome retarded in the equatorial plain in anaphases I and II. The retardation in anaphase II often makes cytokinesis in trisomics (in general more regular than in tetrasomic) to proceed in two steps: at first cell wall formation separates a pollen mother cell into two dyads and then each of them into two microspores.  相似文献