An assessment of inter-rater agreement of the literature filtering process in the development of evidence-based dietary guidelines     

Cooper M  Ungar W  Zlotkin S 《Public health nutrition》2006,9(4):494-500

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the literature filtering process, a vital initial component of a systematic literature review, could be successfully completed by nutrition professionals or non-professionals. DESIGN: Using a diet-disease relationship as the guideline topic, inter-rater agreement for the title and abstract filtering processes between and among professionals and non-professionals was assessed and compared with an expert reference standard. Predetermined eligibility criteria were applied by all raters to 185 titles and 90 abstracts. Filtering decisions were initially made independently and then revised after a within-pair consensus meeting. SUBJECTS: The raters were six dietitians (RD) and six nutrition graduate students (Grad). To assess inter-rater agreement (reliability), each group was divided into three pairs. RESULTS: Weighted and unweighted kappa statistics and percentage agreement were calculated to determine the inter-rater agreement within pairs. Sensitivity and specificity estimates were determined by comparing responses with those of an expert reference standard. Overall, Grad pairs demonstrated greater inter-rater agreement than RD pairs for title filtering (P<0.05); no differences were observed for abstract filtering. Compared with the expert reference standard, every rater and pair had false-negative responses for both title and abstract filtering. CONCLUSIONS: After consensus meetings, both RDs and Grads were comparable in their agreement on title and abstract filtering, although important differences remained compared with the expert reference standard. This study provides preliminary findings on the value of utilising a non-expert pair in developing guidelines, and suggests that the literature filtering process is complex and quite subjective.  相似文献   

Organics captured from comet 81P/Wild 2 by the Stardust spacecraft     

Sandford SA  Aléon J  Alexander CM  Araki T  Bajt S  Baratta GA  Borg J  Bradley JP  Brownlee DE  Brucato JR  Burchell MJ  Busemann H  Butterworth A  Clemett SJ  Cody G  Colangeli L  Cooper G  D'Hendecourt L  Djouadi Z  Dworkin JP  Ferrini G  Fleckenstein H  Flynn GJ  Franchi IA  Fries M  Gilles MK  Glavin DP  Gounelle M  Grossemy F  Jacobsen C  Keller LP  Kilcoyne AL  Leitner J  Matrajt G  Meibom A  Mennella V  Mostefaoui S  Nittler LR  Palumbo ME  Papanastassiou DA  Robert F  Rotundi A  Snead CJ  Spencer MK  Stadermann FJ  Steele A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,314(5806):1720-1724

Organics found in comet 81P/Wild 2 samples show a heterogeneous and unequilibrated distribution in abundance and composition. Some organics are similar, but not identical, to those in interplanetary dust particles and carbonaceous meteorites. A class of aromatic-poor organic material is also present. The organics are rich in oxygen and nitrogen compared with meteoritic organics. Aromatic compounds are present, but the samples tend to be relatively poorer in aromatics than are meteorites and interplanetary dust particles. The presence of deuterium and nitrogen-15 excesses suggest that some organics have an interstellar/protostellar heritage. Although the variable extent of modification of these materials by impact capture is not yet fully constrained, a diverse suite of organic compounds is present and identifiable within the returned samples.  相似文献   

A systematic survey of loss-of-function variants in human protein-coding genes     

MacArthur DG  Balasubramanian S  Frankish A  Huang N  Morris J  Walter K  Jostins L  Habegger L  Pickrell JK  Montgomery SB  Albers CA  Zhang ZD  Conrad DF  Lunter G  Zheng H  Ayub Q  DePristo MA  Banks E  Hu M  Handsaker RE  Rosenfeld JA  Fromer M  Jin M  Mu XJ  Khurana E  Ye K  Kay M  Saunders GI  Suner MM  Hunt T  Barnes IH  Amid C  Carvalho-Silva DR  Bignell AH  Snow C  Yngvadottir B  Bumpstead S  Cooper DN  Xue Y  Romero IG; Genomes Project Consortium  Wang J  Li Y  Gibbs RA  McCarroll SA  Dermitzakis ET  Pritchard JK  Barrett JC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,335(6070):823-828

Genome-sequencing studies indicate that all humans carry many genetic variants predicted to cause loss of function (LoF) of protein-coding genes, suggesting unexpected redundancy in the human genome. Here we apply stringent filters to 2951 putative LoF variants obtained from 185 human genomes to determine their true prevalence and properties. We estimate that human genomes typically contain ~100 genuine LoF variants with ~20 genes completely inactivated. We identify rare and likely deleterious LoF alleles, including 26 known and 21 predicted severe disease-causing variants, as well as common LoF variants in nonessential genes. We describe functional and evolutionary differences between LoF-tolerant and recessive disease genes and a method for using these differences to prioritize candidate genes found in clinical sequencing studies.  相似文献   

Potential link between the development of a bleeding syndrome in young calves and the consumption of colostrum from cows vaccinated with a killed bovine viral diarrhea vaccine     

Cooper C 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2012,53(2):143

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A cohort study of preweaning piglet mortality and farrowing accommodation on 112 commercial pig farms in England     

Kilbride AL  Mendl M  Statham P  Held S  Harris M  Cooper S  Green LE 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2012,104(3-4):281-291

A cohort study was carried out on 112 breeding pig farms in England to investigate the impact of type of farrowing accommodation on preweaning mortality in piglets. Four types of farrowing accommodation were studied; farrowing crates, indoor loose pens, crate/loose systems (where the sow was restrained in a crate during birth and the first days of lactation before being moved to a loose pen) and outdoor farrowing in arcs in paddocks. Four estimates of preweaning mortality were collected: an oral estimate from the farmer before the visit, an estimate from the 6-month rolling average from computer records, records from 20 litters observed when the farm was visited and prospective records collected from 20 farrowings after the visit. These four estimates were significantly correlated. The prospective records also included a farmer reported date and cause of death. From the prospective data there were 25,031 piglets from 2143 litters from 112 farms, 6.5% of piglets were stillborn while live born preweaning mortality was 12%. Mixed effect discrete time survival, binomial and competing risk, models were used to investigate the association between preweaning mortality and farrowing accommodation, controlling for sow parity, litter size and number of piglets stillborn and fostered. There was a reduced risk of stillbirths in outdoor farrowing systems compared with crated systems. Farmers reported that crushing of healthy piglets was the most frequent cause of death accounting for 55% of live born preweaning mortality. There was no significant difference in mortality in live born piglets by farrowing system. There was a significantly higher risk of farmer reported crushing of healthy live born piglets in outdoor arcs compared with piglets reared with sows in farrowing crates and a significantly reduced risk of death from causes other than crushing in piglets reared outdoors or in crate/loose systems compared with piglets reared in crated systems. We conclude that, in the farms in this study, farrowing crates reduced the risk of preweaning live born mortality attributable to crushing but piglets in this system were at increased risk of death from other causes. Consequently crates had no significant effect on overall preweaning mortality percentage. In all four commercial production systems; outdoor, farrowing crates, crate/loose farrowing systems and indoor loose housed systems, there were similar levels of mortality.  相似文献   

Outbreak of abdominal distension and obstipation in a C57BL/6J experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis study     

Koya V  Campbell AM  McLaughlin PJ  Tewari D  Wilson RP  Cooper TK 《Veterinary pathology》2012,49(3):528-531

Seventy-four 9-week old female C57BL/6J mice housed in a conventional facility were manipulated to induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, among which 26 developed clinical signs including lethargy, absence of defecation, and abdominal distension. By gross necropsy examination, there was distension of the cecum and colon with fecal impaction. By histologic examination, there was severe ulcerative and proliferative typhlocolitis. Fecal ELISA confirmed the presence of toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile. Alteration in immune status of the immunocompetent mice, due to stress caused by experimental manipulation or autoimmune disease, may have led to intestinal dysbiosis, followed by opportunistic infections resulting in C. difficile-associated disease. This report brings to light the occurrence of the disease in immunocompetent laboratory mice during experimental manipulations associated with alteration in immune status, and it discusses potential hazards associated with conventional housing within a hospital-associated research institute.  相似文献   

Introduction: Field Techniques in Exotic Animal Medicine     

John E. Cooper 《Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine》2013,22(1):4-6

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Legal,Ethical, and Practical Considerations of Working in the Field     

Margaret E. Cooper 《Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine》2013,22(1):17-33

Successful fieldwork, carried out at a distance from normal veterinary facilities, requires thorough planning with careful attention to detail. There are substantial legal, ethical, and practical matters involved with fieldwork that must be taken into consideration. Law relating to employment safety and liability and to animals and conservation must be considered and supplemented, where necessary, by ethical standards. Many practical matters, including documentation, equipment, personal conduct, and knowledge of the nature and locality of the fieldwork, must be researched. This article provides guidance on the legal, ethical, and practical matters involved with fieldwork.  相似文献   

A “Pinkeye-like” condition in deer     

S. Badger  A. Jopp  P. R. Wilson  B. S. Cooper 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(11)

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Fluid,Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice. 4th edition     

Carolyn Cooper 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2013,54(4):386

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