荷兰花卉业的成功因素:产业链内的合作和新技术的运用(英文)     

Peter B. Visser 《北京林业大学学报》2004,(Z1)

荷兰的鲜花和观赏植物现在销售到全世界。这些产品或由荷兰生产 ,或由他国进口通过荷兰著名花卉拍卖行而进入市场。荷兰花卉产业以其生产链之良好组织为特色 ,并以研究、育种、生产和国内外贸易为其支撑。为了在国际化、分散化的花卉贸易新发展趋势中及在与热带国家花卉生产竞争中保持领先地位 ,有关部门仍致力于加强生产链 ,保证产品之优异品质 ,运用现代物流和电子商业贸易以及新型育种工程等适应性协作措施。文中提出在有关部门中加强内部协作和在公司中应用遗传工程作为育种手段之必要性。最后 ,提供了几项遗传工程在花卉育种之成功例证。  相似文献   

Reduction of duplication in a Brassica oleracea germplasm collection     

Th. J. L. van Hintum  I. W. Boukema  D. L. Visser 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1996,43(4):343-349

Summary To reduce the number of accessions in the Brassica oleracea collection of the Centre for Genetic Resources The Netherlands (CGN) groups of accessions were bulked. Accessions in a group were selections from the same landrace or old variety, and were chosen, with the help of crop experts, on the basis of their history and morphology. Since this approach was received rather sceptically in the genebank community, a genetical analysis of some of the groups and their components (named varieties) was made to justify the procedures. A selection of white cabbage and Brussels sprouts, representing two crop types of B. oleracea, was made: eleven white cabbage groups comprising 43 components, and nine Brussels sprouts groups comprising 24 components. Each group and all of its components were described on the basis of electrophoresis of nine isoenzymes on 30 plants. Most components were rightly classified; 16 percent were misclassified. All these misclassifications were within similar groups. It could be concluded that pooling of the components included in this study was justified. In two cases the isozymic patterns suggested that the groups could even have been larger. Only in the case of the two groups of Brussels sprouts Bedfordshire this was a real option. In the other case involving the white cabbage groups Langedijker Bewaar Gewoon, Langedijker Bewaar Graag and Late Herfstdeen this was not an option since these landraces, although having a common genetic background, clearly have a distinct identity as defined by morphology and history. Editorial footnote: We will encourage the publication of further results of research programs in our journal referring to such often controversially discussed concepts, and would appreciate if collections of crops with different breeding systems could be analysed in this respect.  相似文献   

Restoring depleted Tunisian drylands with native steppicspecies: where should we source the seeds?     

Marjolein Visser  Dirk Reheul 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(6):567-578

In many of the world's drylands genetic and soil erosionare widespread. To enhance success of any large scale restorationeffort in these hazardous conditions, it is essential to set upsystematic seed production of key native plant species. The aim ofthe traditional outline is to gather local yet ample geneticvariation to avoid the risks of non-adaptation. But forStipa lagascae R. and Sch, aNorth-African perennial bunch grass, we carried out an outlineinspired from conventional forage breeding practice, with the aim toselect for vigour. Here, we assess its outcomes as for the risk ofselecting non-local and/or non-ample geneticvariation. We established a collection composed of 276 clonal linesout of individuals coming from 70 accessions, spread over 6 majorecogeographic origins within Presaharian Tunisia (100mm < average annual rainfall < 200mm), both source and target region. During 7successive growing seasons with stark contrasts for rainfall andfertility, we observed the collection for vigour and phenology.Principal Components Analysis has been carried out on a data matrixof 276 lines and 11 variables. Both for vigour and for phenology,individuals differentiated strongly, but irrespective of accession orecogeographic origin. Moreover, differences for vigour persistedthroughout contrasting growing seasons. Both facts combined(1) do not indicate any local adaptation within the targetregion, (2) suggest instead intense genetic structuring dueto isolation by distance, (3) make it easy to cull alimited number of lines to combine considerable genetic variationwith consistently superior vigour.  相似文献   

Progenies of allotriploids of Oriental × Asiatic lilies (Lilium) examined by GISH analysis     

Rodrigo Barba-Gonzalez  Alex A. Van Silfhout  Richard G. F. Visser  Munikote S. Ramanna  Jaap M. Van Tuyl 《Euphytica》2006,151(2):243-250

With the aim of utilizing allotriploid (2n = 3x = 36) lily hybrids (Lilium) in introgression breeding, different types of crosses were made. First, using diploid Asiatic lilies (2n = 2x = 24), reciprocal crosses (3x − 2x and 2x − 3x) were made with allotriploid hybrids (AOA) obtained by backcrosses of F₁ Oriental × Asiatic hybrids (OA) to Asiatic cultivars (A). Secondly, the AOA allotriploids were crossed with allotetraploid (OAOA, 2n = 4x = 48), in 3x − 4x combination. Finally, the AOA allotriploids where crossed to 2n gamete producer F₁ OA hybrids (3x − 2x (2n)). Two types of triploids were used as parents in the different types of crosses, derived from: (a) mitotic polyploidization and (b) sexual polyploidization. Ploidy level of the progeny was determined by estimating the DNA values through flowcytometry as well as chromosome counting. The aneuploid progeny plants from 3x − 2x and reciprocal crosses had approximate diploid levels and in 3x − 4x crosses and 3x − 2x (2n) the progeny had approximate tetraploid levels. Balanced euploid gametes (x, 2x and 3x) were formed in the AOA genotypes. Recombinant chromosomes were found in the progenies of all crosses, except in the case of 2x − 3x crosses through genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) analyses. Recombinant chromosomes occurred in the F₁ OA hybrid when the triploid AOA hybrid was derived through sexual polyploidization, but not through mitotic polyploidization with two exceptions. Those recombinant chromosomes were transmitted to the progenies in variable frequencies.  相似文献   

A comparison of apple and pear seedlings with reference to the juvenile period I. Seedling growth and yield     

T. Visser  J. J. Verhaegh  D. P. de Vries 《Euphytica》1976,25(1):343-351

Summary Several thousand apple and pear seedlings of many progenies were studied in connection with their juvenile period (J.P.). The initially significant inverse relation between the vigour (stem diameter) and the J.P. of the seedlings became insignificant as the trees grew older, due to a retardation of growth occurring when the seedlings become generative. This relation can be used effectively in pre-selecting for vigour in the nursery. Cumulative yields were higher when the J.P. was shorter, but there was no evident link between the J.P. and annual yield in full bearing, that is to say, precocity and preductivity are not directly connected. Better growing conditions and pre-selection have shortened the mean progeny J.P. of either crop by three years since the 1950's. Generally, the pear seedlings appear to grow faster, to become generative slower and to yield lower than comparable apple seedlings. The mean J.P. of apple and pear progenies averaged 4.2 and 6.0 years respectively. The difference between apple and pear may be attributable to a greater selection pressure on both precocity and productivity with apple than with pear.This possibly also led to a smaller tree in the productive phase on the assumption that tree size at first flowering-small at a short, large at a long J.P.-expresses reproductive efficiency and as such is reflected in the size of the adult tree.Also presented at the Juvenility Symposium held at West-Berlin, November 1976.  相似文献   

Hybrid Tea-rose pollen. I. Germination and storage     

T. Visser  D. P. De Vries  G. W. H. Welles  J. A. M. Scheurink 《Euphytica》1977,26(3):721-728

Summary Germination and storage trials were carried out with pollen of several rose varieties. The pollen grains germinated well in a 15% sucrose solution with 40 ppm boric acid. Staining the pollen with a 0.1% tetrazolium solution and standardizing the degree of colour at which the pollen grains are counted as viable, provided a good viability estimate, simpler to carry out than in vitro germination. Germination capacity and staining ability of the pollen were greatly impeded-about halved-by dehydration during storage in desiccators at low humidity. This effect could be corrected by humidifying the pollen beforehand for about one hour, though this pre-treatment increased the percentage of germinated pollen grains more than the percentage stained. There was no difference between the two percentages in fresh or in deep-frozen pollen.Pollen stored at 1°C and high relative humidity soon lost its germination capacity: between 0 and 20% humidity a considerable proportion of the pollen remained viable for 9 months and longer. Storage for the same period in vacuum-sealed glass tubes at –24°C maintained viability as well or better and would probably prolong it further. Some of the cold-stored pollen induced a reasonable seed set after one year, a low seed set was obtained even after two years of storage at 1°C and low humidity.  相似文献   

Inheritance and selection of some fruit characters of apple. II. The relation between leaf and fruit pH as a basis for preselection     

T. Visser  J. J. Verhaegh 《Euphytica》1978,27(3):761-765

Summary The leaf pH of two year old apple seedlings was found to be sufficiently related to the fruit pH, measured when the seedlings were six to seven years old, to serve as a basis for pre-selection. Discarding all seedlings with an above average leaf pH (40% of the total) eliminated the majority (74%) of seedling with low-acid cum sweet fruits. The method was not effective for reducing the proportion of seedlings with high-acid cum sour fruits.  相似文献   

Pollen and pollination experiments. V. An empirical basis for a mentor pollen effect observed on the growth of incompatible pollen tubes in pear     

T. Visser  E. H. Oost 《Euphytica》1982,31(2):305-312

Summary The self-incompatible pear cultivar Doyenne du Comice was selfed with the aid of the mentor pollen technique (self pollen mixed 1:1 with compatible pollen) and the pioneer pollen method (compatible pollen applied 14 h in advance of the self pollen). Observations on tube growth in the style showed that inviable methylated pollen was ineffective either as mentor or pioncer pollen, having no effect on the performance of the self pollen which stopped growing at about one quarter of the style from the stigma. Calculations made on the basis of the obtained data indicated that the viable untreated or irradiated pioneer and mentor pollen, the former somewhat better than the latter, aided the self pollen tubes to reach the base of the style.  相似文献   

Classification of S-alleles by their activity in S-heterozygotes of brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea var. Gemmifera (DC.) Schultz)     

D. L. Visser  J. G. Van Hal  W. H. Verhoeven 《Euphytica》1982,31(3):603-611

Summary Over a period of many years, data on dominance relationships of S-alleles in Brussels sprouts were collected at URL and IVT. The level of activity of S-alleles in heterozygotes was assessed on the basis of the number of pollen tubes that penetrated into the stigma. 209 out of 210 possible combinations between 21 S-alleles were used for this investigation. The S-alleles were grouped separately for activity in pollen and style on the basis of their sensitivity to lose activity in S-heterozygotes. Besides S-allele interaction per se, activity was found to be influenced by environment and genetic background.Results suggest that in stigma, co-dominance is the normal pattern and that deviations are caused by factors other than S-allele interaction as such.In pollen, only three truly recessive alleles were found. Besides several combinations with mutual weakening in pollen, examples of independent weakening were found.  相似文献   

Embryo development and fruit-set in pear induced by untreated and irradiated pollen     

Renata Sniezko  T. Visser 《Euphytica》1987,36(1):287-294

Summary Flowers of the pear cultivars Conference, Doyenné du Comice and Gieser Wildeman were pollinated with untreated and 50-krad-irradiated pollen. Fruitlets were sectioned at regular intervals up to 6 weeks after pollination. Tubes of the irradiated pollen grew slower, but within two weeks nearly as many embryos were initiated as in the case of untreated pollen. Thereafter, the proportion of degenerated embryos increased, although the endosperm sometimes persisted. Six weeks after pollination only about 21% of the seeds induced by the irradiated pollen still contained normal embryos. At or before that time in-vitro culture of the immature seeds will be necessary because few embryos survive until harvest. The irradiated pollen stimulated a rather large parthenocarpic fruit-set, presumably associated with endosperm rather than embryo development during the first 4–6 weeks after pollination. The possibilities of haploid production are discussed.  相似文献