Biodegradation of chlorinated phenols in subsurface soils     

James A. Smith  John T. Novak 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1987,33(1-2):29-42

Microcosm studies were employed to determine the subsurface biodegradation rates of phenol, 2-chlorophenol (2-CP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), and pentachlorophenol (PCP). Soil samples were taken from sites in Pennsylvania and Virginia from depths up to 31 m, and all samples contained significant microbial populations. Soil from both sites readily biodegraded all five compounds. Biodegradation rates increased as initial concentrations increased, and all biodegradation rates appeared to follow first-order kinetics with regard to the initial compound concentrations. Biodegradation rates for the five compounds followed the order: phenol = 2-CP > 2,4,6-TCP > 2,4-DCP. PCP was degraded more slowly than phenol or 2-CP, but similarly to 2,4,6-TCP and 2,4-DCP. Different soils exhibited different degradation rates, and the soil characteristics that may influence the rates are discussed. The data suggest that biological degradation is a significant attenuation mechanism for phenol and its chlorinated derivatives in subsurfaces saturated and unsaturated zones.  相似文献   

Characterization of tomato leaf mould pathogen,Passalora fulva,in Croatia     

Novak  Adrijana  Ćosić  Jasenka  Vrandečić  Karolina  Jurković  Draženka  Plavec  Jelena  Križanac  Ivana  Ivić  Dario 《植物病害和植物保护杂志》2021,128(4):1041-1049

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Leaf mould (Passalora fulva) has emerged as an important disease of greenhouse-growing tomato crops in Croatia during the last decade. In order to...  相似文献   

Erratum to: Forms of Cu (II), Zn (II), and Pb (II) compounds in technogenically transformed soils adjacent to the Karabashmed copper smelter     

Tatiana M. Minkina  Vitaly G. Linnik  Dina G. Nevidomskaya  Tatiana V. Bauer  Saglara S. Mandzhieva  Vitaliy Y. Khoroshavin 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2018,18(6):2229-2230

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Protective role of antifreeze proteins on sterlet (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Acipenser ruthenus</Emphasis>) sperm during cryopreservation     

Miaomiao Xin  Jan Sterba  Anna Shaliutina-Kolesova  Borys Dzyuba  Jaroslava Lieskovska  Serhii Boryshpolets  Mohammad Abdul Momin Siddique  Vitaliy Kholodnyy  Ievgen Lebeda  Otomar Linhart 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2018,44(6):1527-1533

The loss of sperm quality in sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) due to freeze-thaw process in cryopreservation was investigated in the present study. Two antifreeze proteins (AFPI or AFPIII) were used at different concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μg/mL. We compared motility, curvilinear velocity, and plasma membrane integrity of fresh, cryopreserved sperm, and sperm cryopreserved in the presence of antifreeze proteins. Fresh sperm (control) had 85?±?4% motility and 160?±?2 μm/s curvilinear velocity, respectively. After cryopreservation, the motility of frozen-thawed sperm without addition of antifreeze proteins significantly decreased (44?±?9%), compared to the control. The highest motility of frozen-thawed sperm was obtained in cryopreserved sperm with addition of 1 μg/mL of AFPIII (58?±?14%). No significant differences were observed in curvilinear velocity between fresh sperm and cryopreserved sperm with/without addition of AFPI or AFPIII. The flow cytometry analysis revealed that fresh sperm contained 94.5?±?6% live cells, while the cryopreserved sperm only contained 26.6?±?14% live cells. Supplementation of antifreeze proteins has significantly improved the percentage of live cells in frozen-thawed sperm, except 0.1 μg/ml of AFPI group. No significant difference in percentage of live cells was detected in the sperm cryopreserved with 10 μg/mL of AFPI or AFPIII, compared to fresh sperm. Thus, addition of antifreeze proteins to cryopreservation medium could be considered to improve the post-thawed sperm quality of sterlet.  相似文献   

Decreased clearance of CNS beta-amyloid in Alzheimer's disease     

Mawuenyega KG  Sigurdson W  Ovod V  Munsell L  Kasten T  Morris JC  Yarasheski KE  Bateman RJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2010,330(6012):1774

Alzheimer's disease is hypothesized to be caused by an imbalance between β-amyloid (Aβ) production and clearance that leads to Aβ accumulation in the central nervous system (CNS). Aβ production and clearance are key targets in the development of disease-modifying therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease. However, there has not been direct evidence of altered Aβ production or clearance in Alzheimer's disease. By using metabolic labeling, we measured Aβ42 and Aβ40 production and clearance rates in the CNS of participants with Alzheimer's disease and cognitively normal controls. Clearance rates for both Aβ42 and Aβ40 were impaired in Alzheimer's disease compared with controls. On average, there were no differences in Aβ40 or Aβ42 production rates. Thus, the common late-onset form of Alzheimer's disease is characterized by an overall impairment in Aβ clearance.  相似文献   

Thermo-acoustic behaviour of 3D knitted spacer fabrics     

Veerakumar Arumugam  Rajesh Mishra  Jiri Militky  Jan Novak 《Fibers and Polymers》2015,16(11):2467-2476

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The Use of Compound B-Mode Ultrasound in Abdominal Disease of Animals     

A. Everette  James  F. O. Osterman  R. M. Bush  T. Sheehan  G. Novak  D. Wight  R. C. Sanders 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1976,17(3):106-112

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Haplotypic variability within the mitochondrial gene encoding for the cytochrome c oxidase 1 (cox1) of Cylicocyclus nassatus (Nematoda, Strongylida): evidence for an affiliation between parasitic populations and domestic and wild equid hosts     

Traversa D  Kuzmina T  Kharchenko VA  Iorio R  Klei TR  Otranto D 《Veterinary parasitology》2008,156(3-4):241-247

This study investigated the genetic variability within Cylicocyclus nassatus (Nematoda, Strongylida, Cyathostominae) collected from different domestic and wild hosts (i.e. horse, donkey, Przewalskii horse, tarpan and Turkmen kulan) and localities in Europe and/or USA. The ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene were PCR-amplified and sequences characterized from seventy individual parasitic specimens. While ITS2 displayed 0-0.6% variation rate among all individual adult specimens of C. nassatus examined, 22 different sequence variants (haplotypes) of cox1 were detected. Nucleotide variation was detected at 75 of the total 689 positions (overall 10.8% rate of intraspecific nucletidic difference) in the cox1, with the absence of invariable positions among specimens collected from each equid species or country. Conversely, two haplotypes were detected in horses from USA and in donkeys of Italy and Ukraine, respectively. The absence of haplotypes shared by the equid species suggests an affiliation of C. nassatus populations to their specific host. The results of the present study demonstrated that the characterization of mitochondrial regions may have important implications for studying the genetic structure and biology of equine cyathostomes, and to exploit taxonomic issues and practical implications related to the spread of anthelmintic resistance.  相似文献   

Effect of oregano (O. majorana x O. vulgare) on performance and antioxidative capacity of quails fed a diet rich in omega3 fatty acids     

Handl S  Hellweg P  Khol-Parisini A  Rossmann B  Thurner K  Luf W  Novak J  Zentek J 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2008,92(3):242-245

Oregano possesses high antioxidant activity and could therefore be used to enhance oxidative stability of eggs high in omega3 fatty acids. In this study, 20 female quails were fed a diet containing 4% linseed oil. They were divided into two groups, one receiving oregano, and the other grass meal as control (2% respectively). Cholesterol oxidation products were analysed in fresh eggs, in stored eggs and in the livers. Trolox equivalent antioxidative capacity of plasma was measured. No significant differences were seen between the groups.  相似文献   

Designing relevant biochars as soil amendments using lignocellulosic-based and manure-based feedstocks   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Jeffrey M. Novak  Keri B. Cantrell  Donald W. Watts  Warren J. Busscher  Mark G. Johnson 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2014,14(2):330-343

Purpose

Biochars are a by-product of the biofuel processing of lignocellulosic and manure feedstocks. Because biochars contain an assemblage of organic and inorganic compounds, they can be used as an amendment for C sequestration and soil quality improvement. However, not all biochars are viable soil amendments; this is because their physical and chemical properties vary due to feedstock elemental composition, biofuel processing, and particle size differences. Biochar could deliver a more effective service as a soil amendment if its chemistry was designed ex ante with characteristics that target specific soil quality issues. In this study, we demonstrate how biochars can be designed with relevant properties as successful soil amendments through feedstock selection, pyrolysis conditions, and particle size choices.

Materials and methods

Biochars were produced by pyrolysis of parent lignocellulosic feedstock sources—peanut hull (PH; Archis hypogaea), pecan shell (PS; Carya illinoensis), switchgrass (SG; Panicum virgatum), pine chips (PC; Pinus taeda), hardwood wastes (wood), and poultry litter manure (PL; Gallus domesticus), as well as blends of these feedstocks at temperatures ranging from 250 to 700 °C. Additionally, blended feedstocks were made into pellets (>2 mm) prior to pyrolysis at 350 °C. Dust-sized (<0.42 mm) biochar was obtained through grinding of pelletized biochars. After chemical characterization, the biochars were evaluated as fertility amendments in a Norfolk soil (fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic, Typic Kandiudult) during two different pot incubation experiments.

Results and discussion

PL biochars were alkaline and enriched in N and P, whereas biochar from lignocellulosic feedstocks exhibited mixed pH and nutrient contents. Blending PL with PC resulted in lower biochar pH values and nutrient contents. In pot experiment 1, most biochars significantly (P?<?0.05) raised soil pH, soil organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, and Mehlich 1 extractable P and K. PL biochar added at 20 g?kg^?1 resulted in excessive soil P concentrations (393 to 714 mg?kg^?1) and leachate enriched with dissolved phosphorus (DP, 22 to 70 mg?L^?1). In pot experiment 2, blended and pelletized PL with PC feedstock reduced soil pH and extractable soil P and K concentrations compared to pot experiment 1. Water leachate DP concentrations were significantly (P?<?0.05) reduced by pelletized biochar blends.

Conclusions

Short-term laboratory pot experiments revealed that biochars can have different impacts at modifying soil quality characteristics. Keying on these results allowed for creating designer biochars to address specific soil quality limitations. In the process of manufacturing designer biochars, first, it is important to know what soil quality characteristics are in need of change. Second, choices between feedstocks, blends of these feedstocks, and their accompanying particle sizes can be made prior to pyrolysis to create biochars tailored for addressing specific soil quality improvements. Utilization of these principles should allow for effective service of the designed biochar as a soil amendment while minimizing unwanted ex facto soil quality changes and environmental effects.  相似文献