紫色丘陵区小流域典型降雨径流氮磷流失特征   总被引：17，自引：4，他引：13  

蒋锐  朱波  唐家良  罗专溪  王冬  辛伟  魏世强 《农业环境科学学报》2008,27(4)

对2007年盐亭小流域两场典型降雨(施肥后首场大雨和大暴雨)的径流过程进行了连续监测,同步测定了径流量、氮磷浓度,旨在阐明农业小流域典型降雨氮磷流失随降雨径流的变异规律.结果表明,流量曲线与浓度过程线变化趋势一致.整个径流过程中的氨态氮(AN)与磷酸盐(PO3-4-P)浓度较低且波动较小.初期径流颗粒态氮(PN)、颗粒态磷(PP)与总磷(TP)的浓度高于后期径流,初期冲刷效应明显.颗粒态氮(PN)是氮素在径流初期迁移的主要形态,而后期以硝态氮(NN)为主;但PP是整个径流过程中的主要迁移形态.初期径流中AN、PN、TP、PP及泥沙(SS)负荷分布较大,而硝态氮(NN)、总氮(TN)和PO3-4一P则主要分布在径流后期.污染物初期冲刷和NN后期淋溶是暴雨径流氮素流失的主要原因,而施肥后首场降雨氮素流失的主要原因是NN淋溶.暴雨径流产生氮磷负荷巨大,TN与TP分别为167.04kg和20.75 kg;而施肥后首场大雨径流氮磷流失负荷较小,分别为12.07 kg(TN)、1.04 kg(TP),其中60%的TN以NN流失.  相似文献   

A study of neonatal cryptosporidosis of foals in New Zealand     

A Grinberg  WE Pomroy  HB Carslak  Y Shi  IR Gibson  BM Drayton 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(5):284-289

Abstract

AIM: To assess the occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in faecal specimens from foals, and investigate an outbreak of neonatal cryptosporidiosis in foals revealed in the course of the study.

METHODS: Faecal specimens from foals received by a diagnostic veterinary laboratory in New Zealand between 2006 and 2007 were submitted to Massey University and tested microscopically for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts. The Cryptosporidium isolates in the oocyst-positive specimens were genetically identified to species level. In addition, specimen submission data from the participating laboratory for 2005–2007 were examined. In the course of the study, the identification of one Cryptosporidium-positive specimen triggered an on-farm investigation.

RESULTS: Twelve faecal specimens submitted by the participating laboratory between 2006 and 2007 were tested further, and three were positive for C. parvum. Specimen submission records indicated a total of 67 faecal specimens were tested for Cryptosporidium by the participating laboratory between 2005 and 2007; 12 (18%) were positive. The on-farm investigation on a broodmare farm revealed a high incidence of neonatal diarrhoea in foals; C. parvum was the only enteropathogen found in the faeces of 4/4 affected foals examined. The diarrhoea in all those foals was self-limiting, manifesting during the second week of life, resembling foal heat diarrhoea, and accompanied by a short but intense period of shedding oocysts.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The fact that Cryptosporidium parasites were identified in 18% of faecal specimens from foals analysed for this agent in 2005–2007 by the participating laboratory indicated that infection with this agent in foals is not uncommon.

Collectively, the results of this and previous studies performed in New Zealand indicate C. parvum is a cause of diarrhoea in newborn foals, potentially accounting for a proportion of cases empirically diagnosed as foal heat diarrhoea. It is therefore advisable to take precautions when handling diarrhoeic foals, until this potentially zoonotic agent is ruled out in the laboratory.  相似文献   

Anthelmintic resistance in New Zealand: A perspective on recent findings and options for the future     

WE Pomroy 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(6):265-270

A recent national survey on anthelmintic resistance in cattle and sheep in New Zealand indicated that the magnitude of the problem has increased from very low levels only a few years ago to disturbingly high levels now. There is a particular problem with multiple resistance to all three action families of anthelmintic currently available in Ostertagia (= Teladorsagia) spp in sheep, and to both macrocyclic lactones (ML) and benzimidazoles in Cooperia spp in cattle. The prevalence and extent of resistance indicate that all cattle farmers and most sheep farmers should now be using a combination anthelmintic on most occasions just to achieve effective control of all parasites. Despite this, the presence of resistant parasites has generally not been appreciated by the majority of affected farmers, possibly because most have not formally tested to determine the resistance status of nematodes on their farms.

Anthelmintics will remain the cornerstone of gastrointestinal nematode control in sheep and cattle for the foreseeable future but to ensure their continued effectiveness farmers need to be constantly aware of the need to maintain adequate reservoirs of unselected nematodes, i.e. worms in refugia, to minimise the expansion of the resistant population. High-risk practices in relation to selection of resistance need to be identified and avoided or at least their use limited. These include: treating adult animals where there is no identified need, moving newly- treated animals onto ‘clean’ pasture, and failing to effectively quarantine-drench bought-in animals. None of these are new concepts but many have not been adopted or practised. In particular, sheep farmers should endeavour to avoid treating ewes pre-lambing with long-acting anthelmintics. Farmers needs to negotiate a balance between achieving good parasite control and the sustainability of their control options.  相似文献   

酸度对胡敏酸与镉和锌离子络合反应的影响   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

刘保峰  王强  孟威  魏世强 《西南大学学报(自然科学版)》2005,27(4):451-455

用离子交换平衡法研究了不同pH下胡敏酸与锌、镉单独及复合存在下形成络合物的稳定性及配位数.结果表明：在Zn^2＋,Cd^2＋单独存在时,络合反应的稳定常数及配位数随着pH值的增大而增大;相同pH条件下,Zn^2＋和胡敏酸络合物的稳定常数及配位数大于Cd^2＋.在Zn^2＋,Cd^2＋复合存在时,pH的变化与胡敏酸络合金属离子的稳定常数及配位数没有明显依存关系;与单独存在时相比,在pH 3.5和pH7.0时,Zn^2＋,Cd^2＋和胡敏酸络合物的稳定常数和配位数都减小;而在pH 5.0时,Cd^2＋和胡敏酸络合物的稳定常数和配位数都增大,Zn^2＋和胡敏酸络合物的稳定常数和配位数都减小.  相似文献   

再生水灌溉对甘蓝品质和重金属累积特性影响研究   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

徐应明  周其文  孙国红  魏益华  孙扬  秦旭 《灌溉排水学报》2009,28(2)

采用天津市纪庄子污水处理厂二级出水作为再生水,以自来水为对照进行甘蓝栽培大田灌溉试验,研究了再生水灌溉对甘蓝品质、微量元素和重金属累积特性的影响。结果表明:再生水灌溉对甘蓝维生素C含量、粗蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量影响与自来水灌溉相比,各处理间检验差异未达到显著性水平;短期再生水与自来水混灌或轮灌对甘蓝微量元素Na、Mg、K、Ca和Zn含量与自来水灌溉间无显著性差异;甘蓝地上部中重金属镉、铅、砷、铬含量虽均低于国家卫生标准(GB 15201—1994、GB 14935—1994、GB 4810—1994和GB 14961—1994)规定,且与自来水灌溉对照间不存在显著性差异。  相似文献   

以光周期处理与分期播种试验综合鉴定大豆品种的光温反应   总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6  

费志宏  吴存祥  孙洪波  侯文胜  张宝石  韩天富 《作物学报》2009,35(8):1525-1531

设置短日照(12 h)和长日照(16 h)两种光周期处理,并以春播模拟低温、夏播模拟高温条件,形成长日+低温、长日+高温、短日+低温、短日+高温4种光温组合。2007年对近年育成的10个北方春大豆[Glycine max (L.) Merr.]品种(系)和18个黄淮海夏大豆品种(系)进行了光温反应特性鉴定。2008年对50份材料进行了光周期反应鉴定。结果表明,不论在低温(春播)还是高温(夏播)条件下,短日照均加快大豆的发育进程,导致开花提前;不论在长日照还是短日照条件下,高温均减少出苗至初花的日数。光周期和温度对大豆的发育存在明显的互作,随着温度的升高,短日照促进大豆发育的效应有所加强;随着日照的缩短,高温加快发育的作用也有所增大。供试大豆品种生态类型在光周期反应敏感度(PRS)、温度反应敏感度(TRS)及光温综合反应敏感度(PTCRS)等方面均存在显著差异。北方春大豆品种的上述3个指标均小于黄淮海夏大豆品种,但前者在不同光照条件下的温度反应敏感度差值和在不同温度条件下的光周期反应敏感度差值均较后者高,说明北方春大豆品种光温互作效应较强。  相似文献   

Accuracy of computerized tomographic evaluation of canine radio-ulnar incongruence in vitro     

Holsworth IG  Wisner ER  Scherrer WE  Filipowitz D  Kass PH  Pooya H  Larson RF  Schulz KS 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2005,34(2):108-113

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of linear measurements obtained from computer tomography (CT) images of staged radio-ulnar incongruence in a canine cadaver forelimb model. STUDY DESIGN: CT evaluation of induced progressive radio-ulnar incongruence in canine cadaveric forelimbs. SAMPLE POPULATION: Eight cadaveric canine left forelimbs. PROCEDURE: A type 2 external skeletal fixator (ESF) with linear motors was attached to the radius in 8 cadaveric left canine forelimbs. Contiguous incremental and helical CT images of the proximal radio-ulnar articulation were acquired in the transverse, sagittal and dorsal planes. The radius was shortened by 1, 2, and 4 mm increments and scanning protocols were repeated at each increment. Digital caliper and CT image analysis measured the progressive change in distance between 2 marking spheres and the epiphyseal bone surfaces of the radio-ulnar articulation. Statistical analysis of measurements from incremental and helical CT acquisitions, and direct and reformatted images were compared with inter-sphere distance using Pearson product moment correlation coefficients. RESULTS: The reformatted incremental acquisition series at the mid-coronoid in the oblique plane had the highest correlation coefficient (r-value) at 0.908. The mid-coronoid in the dorsal plane had the second highest r-value (0.856). The coronoid incisure in the sagittal plane had an r-value of 0.826. The reformatted incremental acquisition series at the coronoid incisure in the oblique plane had the lowest r-value, 0.592. CONCLUSION: Measurement of radioulnar incongruence may be best performed using reformatted incremental acquisition CT in the mid-coronoid region in an oblique plane. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Use of the technique reported in this study may enable determination of the association, if any, between radioulnar incongruence and developmental diseases of the canine elbow.  相似文献   

Comparison of arthroscopic and radiographic abnormalities in the hip joints of juvenile dogs with hip dysplasia     

Holsworth IG  Schulz KS  Kass PH  Scherrer WE  Beale BS  Cook JL  Hornof WJ 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2005,227(7):1087-1094

OBJECTIVE: To compare radiographic and arthroscopic abnormalities in juvenile dogs with clinically apparent hip dysplasia. DESIGN: Case series. ANIMALS: 52 dogs (70 hip joints) with clinical signs of hip dysplasia scheduled to undergo triple pelvic osteotomy. PROCEDURE: A ventrodorsal radiographic projection of the pelvis was evaluated by a radiologist unaware of clinical and arthroscopic findings, and radiographic osteoarthritic abnormalities were judged and scored as absent (0), mild (1), moderate (2), or severe (3). Arthroscopy was performed by a surgeon unaware of clinical and radiographic findings, and arthroscopic abnormalities were graded from 0 (normal) to 5 (exposed, eburnated subchondral bone). RESULTS: In 30 of the 70 (43%) hip joints, no radiographic osteoarthritic abnormalities were seen. Severe, full-thickness articular cartilage lesions (grade 4) of the femoral head or acetabulum were seen arthroscopically in 14 (20%) joints. Lesions > or = grade 2 were seen in 60 (86%) joints. Partial tearing of the ligament of the femoral head was present in 57 (81%) joints, and complete rupture was seen in 5 (7%). Radiographic abnormalities were seen in 13 of the 14 (93%; 95% confidence interval, 66% to 99.8%) joints with grade 4 arthroscopic abnormalities but in only 23 of the 46 (50%; 95% confidence interval, 35% to 65%) joints with grade 2 or 3 arthroscopic abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that radiography is not a sensitive method for identifying moderate cartilage lesions in juvenile dogs with hip dysplasia. If moderate cartilage lesions are an important prognostic indicator for the success of triple pelvic osteotomy, then methods other than radiography should be used to detect these lesions.  相似文献   

Solar Magnetic Sector Structure: Relation to Circulation of the Earth's Atmosphere     

Wilcox JM  Scherrer PH  Svalgaard L  Roberts WO  Olson RH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1973,180(4082):185-186

The solar magnetic sector structure appears to be related to the average area of high positive vorticity centers (low-pressure troughs) observed during winter in the Northern Hemisphere at the 300-millibar level. The average area of high vorticity decreases (low-pressure troughs become less intense) during a few days near the times at which sector boundaries are carried past the earth by the solar wind. The amplitude of the effect is about 10 percent.  相似文献   

蜂产品可溯源监控体系     

曾志将  魏丽 《蜜蜂杂志》2008,28(2):5-7

在介绍食品溯源的概念和意义的基础上,对我国建立蜂产品溯源监控体系的紧迫性和存在的问题,如何建立蜂产品溯源监控体系以及蜂产品溯源监控体系中几个关键技术(以蜂蜜为例)提出了一些建议.  相似文献