Evaluation of an unmanned aerial vehicle as a new method of pesticide application for almond crop protection     

Xuan Li  Durham Ken Giles  Franz J Niederholzer  John T Andaloro  Edward B Lang  Lawrence J Watson 《Pest management science》2021,77(1):527-537

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Influence of Cooking Formulation on Flavor and Hydrophilic Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity Values of Whole Grain Colored Rice     

Karen L. Bett‐Garber  Jeanne M. Lea  Michael A. Watson  Elaine T. Champagne 《Cereal Chemistry》2013,90(1):58-64

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In vitro activity of isothiocyanates against Fusarium graminearum     

Samina Ashiq  Simon G. Edwards  Olajide Fatukasi  Andrew Watson  Matthew A. Back 《Plant pathology》2022,71(3):594-601

Isothiocyanates are biotoxic degradation products formed as a result of enzymatic hydrolysis of glucosinolates present in Brassica species. The application of biofumigant Brassica crops, as an alternative crop protection method for soilborne pathogens and pests is increasingly gaining interest. However, little is known of the potential of biofumigation to reduce the inoculum of Fusarium species affecting cereals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of five isothiocyanates, namely allyl, benzyl, ethyl, 2-phenylethyl and methyl isothiocyanates, against germination and growth of Fusarium graminearum under in vitro conditions. Aromatic isothiocyanates were more inhibitory than the aliphatic isothiocyanates against mycelial growth, whereas the reverse was observed for conidial germination. Among the tested isothiocyanates, allyl and methyl isothiocyanates were more efficient overall, showing lower ED₅₀ values (35–150 mg/L) for conidial germination and mycelial radial growth. The findings suggest that Brassica plants containing allyl and methyl glucosinolates could have a suppressive effect, reducing the inoculum of F. graminearum in soil prior to cereal production.  相似文献   

Quantities of mineral N in soil and concentrations of nitrate‐N in groundwater in four grassland‐based systems of dairy production on a clay‐loam soil in a moist temperate climate     

J. Humphreys  I. A. Casey  P. Darmody  K. O’Connell  O. Fenton  C. J. Watson 《Grass and Forage Science》2008,63(4):481-494

This study examined the quantity of mineral N in soil and nitrate‐N losses to groundwater from grassland‐based dairy production in 2001 and 2002. There were four treatments with different inputs of N, through fertilizers, concentrates and biological fixation, and four associated stocking densities. Nitrogen inputs were 205, 230, 300 and 400 kg ha^?1, respectively, and annual stocking densities were 1·75, 2·10, 2·50 and 2·50 cows ha^?1. There were 18 cows per treatment. Grazed herbage accounted for 0·64, grass‐silage for 0·26 and concentrates 0·10 of annual DM consumed by the cows. Quantities of mineral N (nitrate‐N and ammonium‐N) in soil were measured, following extraction in 2 M KCl (1:2 w/v) shaken continuously for 2 h, on three occasions between late September and early February each winter. Concentrations of nitrate‐N in groundwater from wells inserted vertically to a depth of 1 m were determined throughout both winters. Quantities of mineral N in the soil increased (P < 0·001) with higher N inputs and declined (P < 0·001) with later sampling date. There were no relationships between nitrate‐N concentrations in groundwater and N inputs, N surpluses, deposition of excreta‐N at the soil surface and soil mineral N during both winters. Low losses of nitrate‐N to groundwater were primarily attributed to high rates of denitrification associated with a heavy soil texture, wet anaerobic soil conditions, relatively high organic carbon contents throughout the soil profile and mild soil temperatures throughout the year. Uptake of N by herbage made an important contribution to low N losses over the winter.  相似文献   

Listeriosis in a rabbit     

G L Watson  M G Evans 《Veterinary pathology》1985,22(2):191-193

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Survey of intramammary infections in ewes on the New England Tableland of New South Wales   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

D L Watson  N A Franklin  H I Davies  P Kettlewell  A J Frost 《Australian veterinary journal》1990,67(1):6-8

Samples of mammary secretion were collected aseptically from 1093 ewes in 8 separate flocks. Most of the ewes were suckling lambs 4 to 6 weeks old. Standard bacteriological tests were carried out on the samples to identify the organisms involved in intramammary infections. Data on age, breed, lactational status and clinical status of the gland and its secretion were recorded at the time of sampling. The prevalence of intramammary infection was 14% of ewes (8% of glands). There was a tendency for prevalence of intramammary infection to be positively correlated with age of the ewe (two-year-old and six-year-old ewes had, respectively, 4.4% and 14.0% of glands infected). This relationship was highly significant for Border Leicester x Merino ewes. There were also significant differences in infection prevalence between breeds. infected glands had a higher prevalence of clinical abnormalities of udder, teat and secretion than did non-infected glands. Staphylococcus aureus was overwhelmingly the most frequently isolated bacterium being responsible for 40% of all intramammary infections.  相似文献   

Vaccination against experimental staphylococcal mastitis in ewes     

D L Watson 《Research in veterinary science》1988,45(1):16-21

Experiments were carried out in ewes using a new vaccine developed for the prevention of mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The vaccine comprised three major components: (i) killed S aureus cells which had been cultured to induce synthesis of pseudocapsule; (ii) toxoided staphylococcal beta haemolysin and (iii) the adjuvant dextran sulphate. Ewes systemically vaccinated twice during pregnancy developed significantly elevated circulating levels of IgG1 and IgG2 anti-pseudocapsule antibody, as well as increased serum titres of anti-beta haemolysin. Five different strains of S aureus were used to challenge both vaccinated and control ewes by the intramammary route during the ensuing lactation. The incidence of acute gangrenous mastitis and nonacute, clinical mastitis was significantly lower in vaccinated than in control groups after challenge with each strain. Vaccinated ewes produced significantly more milk than control ewes after challenge with four of the five strains of S aureus.  相似文献   

Plasma cell numbers in uteri of mares with persistent endometritis and in ovariectomised mares treated with ovarian steroids   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

E D Watson  C R Stokes 《Equine veterinary journal》1988,20(6):424-425

Immunoglobulins A, G and M were localised by immunoperoxidase staining of endometrial sections from ovariectomised mares. Treatment with progesterone or oestradiol-17 beta did not significantly affect numbers of cells secreting any of the isotypes. Mares with persistent endometritis did not have significantly greater numbers of endometrial plasma cells than genitally-normal mares.  相似文献   

Modulation of IgG subclass expression during antibody responses in sheep   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

R L Kerlin  D L Watson 《Research in veterinary science》1988,45(3):353-359

Experiments were undertaken to investigate IgG subclass expression during epitope-specific antibody responses in sheep. Animals were immunised with conjugates of bovine serum albumin-DNP (BSA-DNP), or killed Staphylococcus aureus-DNP (Sa-DNP) alone or with muramyl dipeptide (MDP), dextran sulphate (DXS), or staphylococcal exotoxins (toxin). Sheep received two injections of the same preparation intracutaneously at six weeks interval. Total and IgG subclass-specific anti-DNP, and anti-carrier (BSA or S aureus) antibody levels were measured by ELISA in blood taken at weekly intervals before and after immunisation. Anti-DNP antibody levels in animals given Sa-DNP alone were considerably greater than in those immunised with BSA-DNP alone. Toxin suppressed antibody responses to DNP and both carriers; MDP suppressed anti-hapten antibody responses below the levels obtained with antigen alone. Neither toxin nor MDP significantly altered the IgG subclass profile of antibody to DNP bound to either carrier. DXS did not significantly change total levels of anti-DNP antibody measured in sheep given BSA-DNP or S aureus-DNP. However, DXS promoted IgG1 and suppressed IgG2 anti-DNP antibody responses during the secondary response to Sa-DNP but not to BSA-DNP.  相似文献   

Necropsy findings in rhesus monkeys experimentally infected with cultured simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/delta   总被引：29，自引：0，他引：29  

G B Baskin  M Murphey-Corb  E A Watson  L N Martin 《Veterinary pathology》1988,25(6):456-467

Lesions induced in rhesus monkeys by different isolates of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/Delta were studied at necropsy. Four groups of monkeys were inoculated with SIV/Delta isolated from other experimentally infected rhesus monkeys, while one group was inoculated with SIV/Delta from an asymptomatic mangabey monkey. Three rhesus isolates and the mangabey isolate were virulent, killing 75-100% of infected monkeys. One rhesus isolate, which had been extensively passaged in vitro, was attenuated but was restored to virulence by single animal passage. Clinically, infected monkeys had lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, diarrhea, and a rash. Most monkeys died of enteric disease. The following lesions were seen: weight loss, thymic atrophy, lymphoid atrophy, bone marrow hyperplasia, encephalitis, colitis, amyloidosis, hepatitis, glomerulosclerosis, and the presence of syncytial cells. One Rh Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related lymphoma occurred. Opportunistic agents were identified: cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, Cryptosporidia, and Pneumocystis. Shigella and Campylobacter often caused colitis.  相似文献