Textural and Bile Acid‐Binding Properties of Muffins Impacted by Oat β‐Glucan with Different Molecular Weights     

Sedat Sayar  Jean‐Luc Jannink  Pamela J. White 《Cereal Chemistry》2011,88(6):564-569

Water‐soluble β‐glucan (BG) extracted from a high‐BG oat line was treated with different amounts of lichenase (1→3)(1→4)‐β‐d ‐glucanase) enzyme to yield three different molecular weight (MW) BG extracts. Low (LMW‐BG, 157,000), medium (MMW‐BG, 277,000), and high (HMW‐BG, 560,000) MW BG extracts were added to plain muffin formulations at a level of 0.52% (0.42% in the batter, 0.52% in the resultant muffins) to investigate the effect of MW of BG on textural and bile acid (BA) binding properties of the muffins. In addition, treatments were prepared containing LMW‐BG, MMW‐BG, and HMW‐BG extracts in amounts providing equivalent batter firmness as determined on a texture analyzer. Resultant BG concentrations (and per serving amounts) of these muffins were 1.36% (0.81 g/60 g muffin), 1.05% (0.63 g/60 g muffin), and 0.52% (0.31 g/60 g muffin), respectively; thus, the LMW treatment complied with a U.S. Food and Drug Administration health claim requiring 0.75 g of BG per serving. The firmness, springiness, and BA‐binding capacity of the muffins were unaffected by the MW of BG. However, when added at the maximum limit for equivalent batter firmness, the LMW treatment was more firm and less springy than the HMW treatment. Furthermore, BA‐binding capacities of LMW and MMW fractions tended to be greater than that of the HMW fraction when added at the maximum limit. These results add further evidence to the importance of fine‐tuning BG structure to provide maximum health benefits while maintaining high product quality.  相似文献   

Investigating the effectiveness of Mountain Pine Beetle mitigation strategies     

Nicholas C. Coops  Joleen A. Timko  Michael A. Wulder  Joanne C. White  Stephanie M. Ortlepp 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(2):151-165

We review a broad range of mitigation strategies associated with the management of Mountain Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins). We consider: methods that are currently utilised or have been proposed for controlling beetle populations; the manner in which the effectiveness of these approaches is monitored and assessed; and the role that remotely sensed data may play in a large-area monitoring system. To this end, we first examine the goals of effectiveness monitoring and introduce a general classification system to clarify the purpose and practice of efficacy monitoring. Based on these principles, the review is then structured around effectiveness evaluations for managing forest pests, primarily Mountain, Southern (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann), and Western Pine Beetles (Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte) throughout North America, and grouped by management strategy: silvicultural treatments; prescribed burns; and the use of attractants, repellants and insecticides. Finally, we propose the use of remotely sensed data as a complementary tool for monitoring changes in the extent and severity of Mountain Pine Beetle damage across large areas. Use of such data enables assessment of the efficacy of landscape level management practices, directing the application of new mitigation activities, and reducing the risk of future infestations.  相似文献   

In vitro digestion rate and estimated glycemic index of oat flours from typical and high β-glucan oat lines     

Kim HJ  White PJ 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(20):5237-5242

The in vitro starch digestion rate and estimated glycemic index (GI) of oat flours and oat starches from typical and high β-glucan oat lines were evaluated along with the impact of heating on starch digestion. Flour from oat lines ('Jim', 'Paul', IA95, and N979 containing 4.0, 5.3, 7.4, and 7.7% β-glucan, respectively) was digested by pepsin and porcine pancreatin. To determine the impact of heating on starch digestion, oat slurries were prepared by mixing oat flour and water (1:8 ratio) and heating for 10 min prior to digestion. Viscosity, as measured on a Rapid Visco Analyzer, increased with increases in concentration and molecular weight of β-glucan. The in vitro starch digestion of oat flours and a control, white bread made from wheat flour, increased as the digestion time increased. Starch digestion of oat flour was slower than that of the control (p < 0.05). Heat treatment of oat-flour slurries increased the starch digestion from a range of 31-39% to a range of 52-64% measured after 180 min of in vitro digestion. There were no differences in starch digestibility among oat starches extracted from the different oat lines. The GI, estimated by starch hydrolysis of oat flours, ranged from 61 to 67, which increased to a range of 77-86 after heating. Oat-flour slurries prepared from IA95 and N979 lines with high β-glucan concentrations had lower GI values than did slurries made from Jim and Paul lines. Starch digestion was negatively correlated with β-glucan concentrations in heated oat-flour slurries (R(2) = 0.92). These results illustrate that the oat soluble fiber, β-glucan, slowed the rate of starch digestion. This finding will help to develop new food products with low GI by using oat β-glucan.  相似文献   

Mixed Tracer Injection Method to Measure Reaeration Coefficients in Small Streams     

Hwa-Seong Jin  David S. White  James B. Ramsey  George W. Kipphut 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(8):5297-5306

Reaeration coefficient (k), the rate of oxygen exchange between the atmosphere and water surface, is an important parameter for understanding water quality impairment and stream metabolism. We modified the propane injection method to measure gas exchange coefficients and evaluated its application for small streams. The tracer solution was prepared by solubilizing propane directly in a conservative solute solution, and it was injected as a constant-rate injection, a single slug, or an extended slug. Water samples were taken at four to five sampling stations along the study reach at the tracer concentration peak, and propane and conductivity were measured. The propane exchange rate (k _propane) was calculated using the regression method with the propane/conductivity ratio against solute travel time (in hours). The mixed tracer injection method was conducted in four streams, and all k _propane measurements (n?=?8) were statistically significant (p?<?0.05). The short-duration constant rate injection and extended slug injection provided k _propane estimates with higher r ² than the single slug injection. The k ₂₀ measured with propane injection ranged from 5.4 to 40.0?day^?1, and they were significantly correlated with empirically estimated k. The mixed tracer injection method with propane could potentially reduce field time, crew demands, and field equipment; thus, it would potentially lower the overall cost of gas exchange coefficient measurements and be an effective method in small, remote streams.  相似文献   

Socio-economic differences in exposure to television food advertisements in the UK: a cross-sectional study of advertisements broadcast in one television region     

Adams J  Tyrrell R  Adamson AJ  White M 《Public health nutrition》2012,15(3):487-494

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Fertilizer Concentration Affects Growth Response and Leaf Color of Tradescantia virginiana L.     

Sarah A. White  Holly L. Scoggins 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(10):1767-1783

ABSTRACT

A pot experiment was conducted out to investigate the yield and pungency of spring onion (Allium fistulosum L.) as affected by inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and addition of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) fertilizers. Plants were inoculated with either Glomus mosseae or Glomus intraradices or grown as uninoculated controls. Two levels of N and S were applied to the soil in factorial combinations of 50 and 250 mg N kg^?1 soil and 0 and 60 mg S kg^?1 soil. Plants were grown in a greenhouse for 25 weeks and then harvested. Mycorrhizal colonization resulted in increased shoot dry weight, shoot-to-root ratio, shoot length, sheath diameter, and phosphorus (P) concentrations. Shoot dry-matter yield was significantly affected by added N, but not by S. Shoot dry weight increased with increasing N supply (except for non-mycorrhizal controls without additional S fertilizer). Shoot total S concentration (TSC), enzyme-produced pyruvate (EPY), and organic sulfur concentration (OSC) in plants inoculated with Glomus mosseae were significantly lower than those of non-mycorrhizal controls, while these parameters in plants inoculated with Glomus intraradices were comparable to or higher than in the controls. Neither N nor S supply affected shoot EPY or OSC, whereas shoot TSC (except in plants inoculated with Glomus mosseae) and SO₄ ^2? concentrations were usually significantly increased by S supply. In soil of high S and low P availability, mycorrhizal colonization had a profound influence on both the yield and the pungency of spring onion.  相似文献   

Assessment of ridden horse behavior     

Carol Hall  Nia Huws  Cassie White  Elizabeth Taylor  Heather Owen  Paul McGreevy 《Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research》2013,8(2):62-73

Assessments of the behavior of ridden horses form the basis of performance evaluation. The purpose of any performance being evaluated will determine the factors considered important, factors indicative of “poor” performance, and what makes a successful equine athlete. Currently, there is no consistent objective means of assessing ridden horse behavior, and inevitably, given the different equestrian disciplines, the likelihood of a universal standard of good and bad performance is remote. Nevertheless, to protect the welfare of the ridden horse regardless of its specific role, we should strive for consensus on an objective means of identifying behavioral signs indicative of mental state. Current technological developments enable objective evaluation of movement patterns, but many aspects of the assessment of ridden behavior still rely on subjective judgment. The development of a list of behaviors exhibited by ridden horses, a ridden horse ethogram, will facilitate recording of observable behavioral events. However, without objective evidence of the relevance of these behavioral events, such a resource has limited value. The aim of this review was to investigate potential sources of such evidence and relate these to the assessment of ridden horse behavior. The current and potential contribution that further objective measures can make in this process is evaluated. We believe that the only way to improve the welfare of the ridden horse is by objectively identifying behavioral signs that indicate that the horse is either comfortable or uncomfortable with the activity in which it is participating. After there is clear evidence to support this, appropriate adaptation of performance criteria in all disciplines can proceed along with alignment in training systems that ensures a mutually positive experience for both horse and human partners.  相似文献   

Techniques for manipulation of the annual growth cycle in raspberry     

James G. Carew  Trudi Gillespie  Julie White  Henry Wainwright  Rex Brennan  Battey Nick 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(5):504-509

Summary

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaves provide a source of healthy compounds, phenolics, which could be useful for the prevention of diseases in which free radicals are involved. In this study, walnut leaves from 14 different cultivars were studied for their total phenolics contents and anti-oxidant activities. Anti-oxidant activities were evaluated by measuring the scavenging activities of leaf extracts against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. The total phenolics contents of the cultivars ranged from 17.7 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) g^–1 FW to 39.6 mg GAE g^–1 FW. The highest scavenging activities were found in methanol extracts of walnut leaves. Total phenolics contents were highly correlated with anti-oxidant activity (R²= 0.94 – 0.92).  相似文献   

Oncogenes in radioresistant, noncancerous skin fibroblasts from a cancer-prone family   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

E H Chang  K F Pirollo  Z Q Zou  H Y Cheung  E L Lawler  R Garner  E White  W B Bernstein  J W Fraumeni  W A Blattner 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1987,237(4818):1036-1039

Li-Fraumeni syndrome is manifested in a variety of neoplasms that are transmitted in a dominantly inherited pattern. The noncancerous skin fibroblasts of family members exhibit a unique characteristic of being resistant to the killing effect of ionizing radiation. A three- to eightfold elevation in expression of c-myc and an apparent activation of c-raf-1 gene have been observed in these noncancerous skin fibroblasts. These results may provide insight into the heritable defect underlying the familial predisposition to a variety of cancers.  相似文献   

Superconducting vortices in CeCoIn5: toward the Pauli-limiting field     

Bianchi AD  Kenzelmann M  Debeer-Schmitt L  White JS  Forgan EM  Mesot J  Zolliker M  Kohlbrecher J  Movshovich R  Bauer ED  Sarrao JL  Fisk Z  Petrovic C  Eskildsen MR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,319(5860):177-180

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