Effect of phytase supplementation to diets for weanling pigs on the digestibilities of crude protein, amino acids, and energy     

Liao SF  Sauer WC  Kies AK  Zhang YC  Cervantes M  He JM 《Journal of animal science》2005,83(3):625-633

Four experiments were conducted with weanling pigs fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum, to determine the effect of phytase supplementation to four diets on the apparent ileal digestibilities (AID) of CP and AA, and the apparent total-tract digestibilities (ATTD) of CP and DE. Phytase (Natuphos, DSM Food Specialties, Delft, The Netherlands) was supplemented at rates of 0, 500 or 1,000 FTU/kg to the four diets. A 20% CP (as-fed basis) corn-soybean meal diet was used in Exp. 1; a 20% CP wheat-soybean meal diet in Exp. 2; a 20% CP wheat-soybean meal-canola meal diet in Exp. 3; and a 19% CP barley-peas-canola meal diet in Exp. 4. In each experiment, six barrows, fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum, were fed the basal plus phytase-supplemented diets according to a repeated 3 x 3 Latin square design. Each experimental period comprised 14 d. The piglets were at fed 0800 and 2000 daily, equal amounts for each meal, at a daily rate of at least 2.4 times the maintenance requirement for ME. Feces were collected from 0800 on d 8 until 0800 on d 12 of each experimental period. Ileal digesta were collected from 0800 to 2000 on d 12, 13, and 14. Chromic oxide was used as the digestibility marker. The average initial and final BW (average of all experiments) were 7.9 and 16.5 kg, respectively. Phytase supplementation did not improve the AID of CP and AA in Exp. 1, 2, and 4; however, there were improvements (P < 0.05) or tendencies (P < 0.10) toward improvements in the AID of CP and AA or the ATTD of CP and the content of DE with phytase supplementation in Exp. 3. These results suggest that the AA response factor to microbial phytase supplementation depends on diet composition.  相似文献   

Evaluation of consistency of jumping technique in horses between the ages of 6 months and 4 years     

Santamaría S  Bobbert ME  Back W  Barneveld A  van Weeren PR 《American journal of veterinary research》2004,65(7):945-950

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether differences in jumping technique among horses are consistent at various ages. ANIMALS: 12 Dutch Warmblood horses. PROCEDURE: Kinematics were recorded during free jumps of horses when they were 6 months old (ie, no jumping experience) and 4 years old (ie, the horses had started their training period to become show jumpers). Mean +/- SD height of the horses was 1.40 +/- 0.04 m at 6 months of age and 1.70 +/- 0.05 m at 4 years of age. RESULTS: Strong correlations were found between values from 6-month-old foals and 4-year-old horses for variables such as peak vertical acceleration generated by the hind limbs (r, 0.91), peak rate of change of effective energy generated by the hind limbs (r, 0.71), vertical velocity at takeoff (r, 0.65), vertical displacement of the center of gravity during the airborne phase (r, 0.81), and duration of the airborne phase (r, 0.70). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although there are substantial anatomic and behavioral changes during the growing period, certain characteristics of jumping technique observed in na?ve 4-year-olds are already detectable when those horses are foals.  相似文献   

Effects of landscape configuration on mapping ecosystem service capacity: a review of evidence and a case study in Scotland     

Willem Verhagen  Astrid J. A. Van Teeffelen  Andrea Baggio Compagnucci  Laura Poggio  Alessandro Gimona  Peter H. Verburg 《Landscape Ecology》2016,31(7):1457-1479

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Linking macrodetritivore distribution to desiccation resistance in small forest fragments embedded in agricultural landscapes in Europe     

Pallieter De Smedt  Lander Baeten  Willem Proesmans  Matty P. Berg  Jörg Brunet  Sara A. O. Cousins  Guillaume Decocq  Marc Deconchat  Martin Diekmann  Emilie Gallet-Moron  Brice Giffard  Jaan Liira  Ludmilla Martin  Astra Ooms  Alicia Valdés  Monika Wulf  Martin Hermy  Dries Bonte  Kris Verheyen 《Landscape Ecology》2018,33(3):407-421

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Effects of Environmental Stress on Forest Crown Condition in Europe. Part IV: Statistical Analysis of Relationships     

Klap  Jaco M.  Oude Voshaar  Jan H.  De Vries  Wim  Erisman  Jan Willem 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2000,119(1-4):387-420

Site-specific estimates for various environmentalstress factors were related with measured crowncondition data at a systematic 16 ×: 16 km² gridover Europe, according to previously statedhypotheses, using a multiple regression approach,including interactions, and lagged effects of stressfactors. Methodological differences among countriesaccounted for >30% of the variation in defoliation.Nevertheless, crown condition was found to varynaturally with tree age, altitude, drought stress and,most likely, also pathogenic fungi and insects.Significant impacts of air pollution (specificallyozone but also NO_x, SO_x and acid deposition)were found at regional levels in parts of centralEurope, particularly for deciduous species. Impactsseemed less significant for conifers, especially forspruce, but this might be affected by confoundingeffects or strong correlations between (a harsh)climate and (low) atmospheric deposition in the areawhere spruce predominates. National studies indicatethat ozone and acid deposition can have a significanteffect on the defoliation of spruce as well. Weconclude that while forest condition varies naturally,continued emissions will contribute further to forestdecline in the long term.  相似文献   

Inhibition of enzymatic browning of chlorogenic acid by sulfur-containing compounds     

Kuijpers TF  Narváez-Cuenca CE  Vincken JP  Verloop AJ  van Berkel WJ  Gruppen H 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(13):3507-3514

The antibrowning activity of sodium hydrogen sulfite (NaHSO(3)) was compared to that of other sulfur-containing compounds. Inhibition of enzymatic browning was investigated using a model browning system consisting of mushroom tyrosinase and chlorogenic acid (5-CQA). Development of brown color (spectral analysis), oxygen consumption, and reaction product formation (RP-UHPLC-PDA-MS) were monitored in time. It was found that the compounds showing antibrowning activity either prevented browning by forming colorless addition products with o-quinones of 5-CQA (NaHSO(3), cysteine, and glutathione) or inhibiting the enzymatic activity of tyrosinase (NaHSO(3) and dithiothreitol). NaHSO(3) was different from the other sulfur-containing compounds investigated, because it showed a dual inhibitory effect on browning. Initial browning was prevented by trapping the o-quinones formed in colorless addition products (sulfochlorogenic acid), while at the same time, tyrosinase activity was inhibited in a time-dependent way, as shown by pre-incubation experiments of tyrosinase with NaHSO(3). Furthermore, it was demonstrated that sulfochlorogenic and cysteinylchlorogenic acids were not inhibitors of mushroom tyrosinase.  相似文献   

Transformation of forest soils in Iowa (United States) under the impact of long-term agricultural development     

Yu. G. Chendev  C. L. Burras  T. J. Sauer 《Eurasian Soil Science》2012,45(4):357-367

The evolution of automorphic cultivated soils of the Fayette series (the order of Alfisols)—close analogues of gray forest soils in the European part of Russia—was studied by the method of agrosoil chronosequences in the lower reaches of the Iowa River. It was found that the old-arable soils are characterized by an increase in the thickness of humus horizons and better aggregation; they are subjected to active biogenic turbation by rodents; some alkalization of the soil reaction and an increase in the sum of exchangeable bases also take place. These features are developed against the background of active eluvial-illuvial differentiation and gleyzation of the soil profiles under conditions of a relatively wet climate typical of the ecotone between the zones of prairies and broadleaved forests in the northeast Central Plains of the United States.  相似文献   

Exceeding the threshold value for Trioza apicalis Förster 1848 in carrot fields did not cause damage as revealed during monitoring in Germany from 2017–2020     

Sauer  J.  Dewert  A.  Hondelmann  P.  Meyhöfer  R.  Hommes  M.  Buck  H.  Ulrichs  C.  Vogler  U. 《植物病害和植物保护杂志》2021,128(3):865-870

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - The carrot psyllid Trioza apicalis Förster 1848 is a carrot pest in Europe that can cause serious damages in case of massive occurrence. Damages up...  相似文献   

Effect of dietary inclusion of benzoic acid on mineral balance in growing pigs     

Willem Sauer  Miguel Cervantes  Jorge Yanez  Benedicto Araiza  Gordon Murdoch  Adriana Morales  Ruurd T. Zijlstra   《Livestock Science》2009,122(2-3):162-168

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary inclusion of benzoic acid on utilization of the macrominerals Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, and Cl in growing pigs. Eighteen barrows, initial BW of 28 ± 1.7 kg, were assigned to 3 diets: a basal diet based on barley, wheat, soybean meal, corn, and field pea and formulated to contain 9.31 MJ NE kg^− 1 and 8.84 g^− 1 kg standardized ileal digestible lysine, or the basal diet containing 10 or 20 g kg^− 1 benzoic acid by replacing tapioca starch. The pigs were fed the experimental diets a rate of 2.7 times the maintenance requirement for ME for 21 days. Faeces and urine were collected quantitatively from days 11 to 21, and blood and plasma was collected on days 1, 10, and 21. On day 21, the pigs were killed and the left femur was removed. Benzoic acid linearly decreased (P = 0.001) the urine pH from 7.32 to 5.32, and quadratically increased (P < 0.05) blood pH on day 21. Benzoic acid linearly increased (P < 0.05) the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of Ca, P, and Na from 65 to 72%, 46 to 55%, and 78 to 90%, respectively, linearly decreased (P < 0.05) the ATTD of Cl from 94 to 93%, and did not affect the ATTD of Mg and K. Benzoic acid linearly increased (P < 0.05) the retention of Ca, P, and K from 58 to 67%, 46 to 54%, and 31 to 38%, respectively, linearly decreased (P < 0.05) the retention of Na and Cl from 57 to 48% and 75 to 44%, respectively, and did not affect retention of Mg. On day 21, benzoic acid linearly increased (P = 0.001) plasma P and quadratically increased (P < 0.05) plasma K or tended to increase (P = 0.05) plasma Na. Benzoic acid linearly reduced (P < 0.05) the concentration of ash in femur but not the amount of ash, reduced (P < 0.05) the concentration of Ca and Cl in femur ash, and linearly increased (P < 0.05) the concentration of P in femur ash. In summary, benzoic acid increased the utilization of dietary Ca, P, and K, did not affect the utilization of dietary Mg, and reduced the utilization of dietary Na and Cl. During swine feed formulation, effects of benzoic acid on macromineral utilization should be considered to ensure that macromineral requirements are met and not exceeded following benzoic acid supplementation.  相似文献   

Approaches to quantify progressive soil development with time in Mediterranean climate—I. Use of field criteria     

Daniela Sauer 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2010,173(6):822-842

Soil‐chronosequence studies are useful to assess relationships between land‐surface ages and stages of soil formation. Such relationships may then be applied to establish relative chronologies of development of land surfaces of unknown ages, contributing to landscape‐history reconstruction. For this purpose, it is important to identify those soil properties that are most closely related to soil age. This article reviews soil‐chronosequence studies from Mediterranean regions in Europe and California. Soil properties described in the field and soil‐development indices based on field criteria that have been used in the studies are evaluated. The properties total texture, rubification, clay films, dry consistence, and soil thickness are identified as useful and easy‐to‐obtain soil parameters, which are generally closely related to soil age. Most soil properties exhibit their greatest changes during certain phases of soil development, e.g., soil structure in soils < 10,000 y and rubification in soils > 100,000 y. The specific time spans of major changes of soil properties need to be considered, when looking for appropriate parameters to study a particular chronosequence. Indices, which combine several soil properties having their greatest changes in different phases of soil development, are useful to study soil chronosequences comprising large time spans, e.g., from Holocene to Middle Pleistocene. It is important to be aware that soil chronofunctions obtained from Pleistocene soils integrate rates of soil‐forming processes over periods of very variable climate and environment, and that soil development crossed internal and external pedogenic thresholds that are not reflected in soil chronofunctions.  相似文献