Wedge and Eggbar Shoes Change the Pressure Distribution Under the Hoof of the Forelimb in the Square Standing Horse     

Chris W. Rogers PhD  Willem Back DVM  PhD 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2003,23(7):306-309

The shoe types most commonly applied to horses with navicular disease or other forms of palmar heel pain are shoes with heel wedges and eggbar shoes, although their efficacy has been a matter of debate among veterinarians and farriers for centuries. To quantify the effect of these different types of “navicular” shoeing on static hoof pressure distribution, 6 warmblood horses were shod with 6° wedge, eggbar, and plain shoes. While standing square with weight evenly distributed across both forelimbs, the center of pressure and pressures at selected areas of interest (AOI: toe, medial and lateral toe, medial and lateral heel) were measured using a Footscan (RsScan International, Belgium) pressure plate in a Latin square design using the plain shoe as a reference.Wedge shoes did not provide a significant shift in the center of pressure. The application of eggbar shoes did not alter the relative position of the center of pressure under the hoof. However, the absolute distance from the toe to the center of pressure was significantly larger with eggbar shoes (77 + 12 mm) compared with plain and wedged shoes (70 ± 8 mm, P < .05) resulting in an absolute, caudal shift of the center of pressure. When pressure (N/cm²) values at the five AOIs were averaged for each shoe type, the wedge and eggbar shoe recordings showed a significantly lower mean pressure than plain shoes (P < .05).In conclusion, mean AOI pressures decreased with wedge and eggbar shoes, and eggbar shoes provided a caudal shift in the center of pressure. These effects are believed to decrease the moment of the coffin joint and reduce the pressure on the navicular bone. Thus, the findings of this study might contribute to the scientific evidence of efficacy of the use of wedge and eggbar shoes in “navicular” lame horses.  相似文献   

Ex ante analysis of new technology: A comparison of cassava for the feed and fresh markets in Colombia     

Douglas Pachico  Willem Janssen  John Lynam 《Agricultural Systems》1983,11(3):131-142

This paper estimates the expected economic benefits of investment in two alternative research programmes to improve yields of cassava in Colombia. The benefits from an industrial cassava variety for the animal feed market are compared with those from a higher quality cassava suitable for the fresh food market. A linear programming least-cost feed mix model is used to calculate the cost reduction is poultry feed due to new cassava technology. The impact of this cost reduction is traced through single equation models of poultry supply and demand in order to estimate social benefits in an ex ante consumer surplus framework. Costs of the alternative research programmes are projected and internal rates of return are calculated.  相似文献   

The bioequivalence of a single intravenous administration of the anesthetic alfaxalone in cyclodextrin versus alfaxalone in cyclodextrin plus preservatives in cats          下载免费PDF全文

K. Pasloske  M. G. Ranasinghe  S. Sauer  J. Hare 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2018,41(3):437-446

To demonstrate the bioequivalence of alfaxalone in cyclodextrin (Reference Product) to a formulation of alfaxalone in cyclodextrin also containing the preservatives ethanol, chlorocresol, and benzethonium chloride (Test Product) when administered for the purpose of inducing anesthesia in the cat. Blinded, single‐dose, randomized, two‐period, two‐sequence, cross‐over bioequivalence study with a 7‐day washout period between treatments. Twenty‐four (12 neutered males and 12 intact females), healthy, adult cats weighing 4.1±0.9 kg. Cats were administered 5 mg/kg IV of alfaxalone in the Reference or Test Product using a randomized cross‐over design. One‐milliliter venous blood samples were collected at predetermined time points to 12 hr after drug administration to determine alfaxalone plasma concentration over time. Alfaxalone concentrations were determined by a validated analytical testing method using HPLC‐MS/MS. Plasma profiles of alfaxalone concentration against time were analyzed by noncompartmental analysis. The pivotal variables for bioequivalence were AUC_last and C_max. Equivalence was achieved if the 90% confidence interval for AUC_last and C_max fell into the asymmetric ±20% interval (0.80–1.25). Physiological variables, quality of anesthesia visual analog scale (VAS) scoring and anesthetic event times were recorded. ANOVA or ANCOVA (single time point), RMANOVA or RMANCOVA (multiple time point) was used for normally distributed data. GLIMMIX was used for nonnormally distributed data. VAS scores were analyzed as for blood bioequivalence data. Variables were evaluated for safety and assessed at alpha = 0.10. C_max and AUC_last for Reference and Test Products were statistically bioequivalent. No physiological variables except for a drug by time interaction for respiratory rate differed between treatment groups, and this difference was not clinically relevant. No anesthetic event times or VAS scores for quality of anesthesia were different between treatment groups. Neither formulation caused pain upon injection. The Reference and Test Products are pharmaceutically bioequivalent formulations when administered as a single intravenous administration for the purpose of induction of anesthesia in cats.  相似文献   

Carrot fly (Psila rosae) control in Switzerland – current strategies and prospective developments*     

R. Baur  C. Sauer  J. Krauss  M. Keller 《EPPO Bulletin》2009,39(2):134-137

Carrot fly (Psila rosae) control in Switzerland appears not to have been a major problem during the years 1985–2000. However, reports on crop losses due to increased damage, and yield lots not complying with raised quality standards, have become more frequent in recent years. Carrot fly control has clearly become more difficult because the fly’s population dynamics have changed (3 generations instead of 2) and due to changes in the cropping system. Furthermore, some insecticides with high efficacy, such as soil insecticides, are no longer available. Seed treatments with various insecticides were tested as potential alternatives to no longer approved soil insecticides, but these were not efficient enough when infestation pressure was high. Spraying, mainly with pyrethroids against the flies landing on carrot leaves, proved to be successful in some plots if the flight of adult flies was monitored with sticky traps and the timing of the insecticide treatments was adequate. However, in other cases treatment efficacy was low, presumably due to less precise timing of the applications. In conclusion, current experience on supervised chemical control indicates that strategies can be adapted, but Swiss agricultural research stations are not yet able to provide the growers with validated recommendations.  相似文献   

Land Use Effects on Mangrove Nutrient Status in Phang Nga Bay,Thailand     

Jan‐Willem Wolters  Lucy G. Gillis  Tjeerd J. Bouma  Marieke M. van Katwijk  Alan D. Ziegler 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2016,27(1):68-76

Tropical mangrove forests can play an important role in the functioning of adjacent marine ecosystems, by protecting them from an excess in land‐derived sediment and nutrients. The strength of this interaction may however depend on the nutrient status of the mangrove forest. This study related the nutrient status of eight mangrove forests in Phang Nga Bay (Thailand) to the land‐cover distributions in the upstream catchment areas. Nutrient status was assessed using indicators integrating over short (porewater and sediment nutrient composition) and long timespans (mangrove leaves and sesarmid crab tissue characteristics). Using multivariate statistics (PCA analysis), these nutrient status data were then related to the land cover data, which were obtained through the analysis of satellite imagery. Nutrient availability was lowest for mangroves in catchments with large natural vegetation cover and was elevated in catchments with increasing levels of anthropogenic influence. Furthermore, nutrient availability was significantly correlated with several forms of land use, including natural forest, rice paddies, cleared ground and urban areas. While all indicators supported these results, relationships were strongest for long‐term indicators. Information on the relationship between land use in the catchment area and mangrove nutrient status may be important for the effective management of this habitat, as well as adjacent marine systems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Luminex-based triplex immunoassay for the simultaneous detection of soy, pea, and soluble wheat proteins in milk powder     

Haasnoot W  du Pré JG 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(10):3771-3777

An automated fluorescent microsphere-based flow cytometric triplex immunoassay, using the Luminex 100 flow analyzer with MultiAnalyte Profiling (xMAP) technology, was developed for the simultaneous detection of proteins from three vegetable sources as potential fraudulent adulterants in milk powder. In the final triplex inhibition immunoassay, soluble wheat proteins (SWP) and proteins from soy and pea were coupled to three different microsphere sets. A mixture of these microsphere sets was transferred to a microtiter plate well together with the sample and a mixture of three affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies raised against the proteins and labeled with a fluorophore (Alexa 532). After incubation for 1.5 h at room temperature in the dark, the fluorescence intensities on the microspheres were directly measured (no wash procedure) in the Luminex during 10 s per well (100 microspheres per set). The sensitivities of the three assays for plant protein extracts were determined as 0.5-0.6 microg/mL at 50% inhibition. For the detection of the vegetable proteins in milk powder, the samples were dissolved in buffer (0.1 g in 10 mL) and further diluted (20 times) to create a 50% inhibition at approximately 0.5% of the vegetable proteins in the total protein content of milk powder. With the help of calibration standards, prepared under conditions comparable to those for sample materials, the triplex immunoassay proved to be quantitative above 0.1%, although concentrations in high-heated milk powders were underestimated. Due to the xMAP technology, in which 100 different microsphere sets can be distinguished, this triplex immunoassay can easily be extended to detect other possible adulterants.  相似文献   

A molecular framework for plant regeneration     

Xu J  Hofhuis H  Heidstra R  Sauer M  Friml J  Scheres B 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,311(5759):385-388

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Where water is oxidized to dioxygen: structure of the photosynthetic Mn4Ca cluster     

Yano J  Kern J  Sauer K  Latimer MJ  Pushkar Y  Biesiadka J  Loll B  Saenger W  Messinger J  Zouni A  Yachandra VK 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,314(5800):821-825

The oxidation of water to dioxygen is catalyzed within photosystem II (PSII) by a Mn(4)Ca cluster, the structure of which remains elusive. Polarized extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements on PSII single crystals constrain the Mn(4)Ca cluster geometry to a set of three similar high-resolution structures. Combining polarized EXAFS and x-ray diffraction data, the cluster was placed within PSII, taking into account the overall trend of the electron density of the metal site and the putative ligands. The structure of the cluster from the present study is unlike either the 3.0 or 3.5 angstrom-resolution x-ray structures or other previously proposed models.  相似文献   

Good feeding during gestation means healthier and heavier piglets     

Willem Steyn 《国外畜牧学(猪与禽)》2012,32(7)

1妊娠期生长 妊娠母猪所消耗的饲料大都用于维持生命所需的新陈代谢,但除此以外,子宫外和子宫内的生长也是很重要的. 如果妊娠期间母猪未能合理饲喂,其体况(背脂和躯体膘情的等级)会恶化或仔猪出生体重会偏低.这可以通过整窝仔猪和窝内3头最小仔猪的称重来检验.  相似文献   

Antinociceptive effects of low dose lumbosacral epidural ropivacaine in healthy ponies     

van Loon JP  Menke ES  Doornenbal A  Back W  Hellebrekers LJ 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2012,193(1):240-245

The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of low dose lumbosacral epidural ropivacaine in ponies. Antinociceptive effects of epidural ropivacaine were evaluated by means of mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MNTs) at several spinal levels in conscious ponies. The effects of ropivacaine on nociceptive afferent transmission to the spinal cord were also assessed by measuring spinal cord somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) in anaesthetised ponies. Ataxia scores were determined in conscious ponies to assess the effects on motor function. A randomised, placebo controlled, double blind cross-over design was used. Low dose lumbosacral epidural ropivacaine led to increases in MNTs at various anatomical locations with a maximum effect at the lumbosacral and sacrococcygeal regions, both with respect to increase in threshold and duration of effect. Analysis of SSEPs showed that epidural ropivacaine influenced both Aβ- and Aδ-mediated afferent transmission to the spinal cord at the level of the lumbosacral junction. Ponies showed mild ataxia after low dose lumbosacral epidural ropivacaine, but all ponies remained standing. Application of low dose lumbosacral epidural ropivacaine provided safe and efficacious antinociceptive effects in conscious and anaesthetised ponies, and could therefore be a valuable addition to multimodal analgesic protocols in Equidae.  相似文献