Assortative mating and other observations based upon the relationship between true and apparent breeding values in the Australian thoroughbred     

By S. A. Williamson  R. G. Beilharz 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》1999,116(4):289-304

Studies of heritability in thoroughbred populations are confounded somewhat by the presence of assortative mating. Although assortative mating itself will not make great changes to the magnitude of the assessment of heritability, it can exert a significant impact upon the accuracy of any conclusions made from the study. In order to remove the effects of assortative mating from the data available, use was made of the best linear unbiased predictor (BLUP) method. This procedure was followed using two combinations: sire and dam, and sire and damsire. Due to the size of the datasets it was not possible to directly solve the matrices produced; instead they were solved by approximation over fifty iterations.  相似文献   

Fungicides affect Japanese beetle Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) egg hatch,larval survival and detoxification enzymes          下载免费PDF全文

Glen R Obear  Adekunle W Adesanya  Patrick J Liesch  R Chris Williamson  David W Held 《Pest management science》2016,72(5):966-973

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Heifer teats sprayed in the dry period with an iodine teat sanitizer have reduced Streptococcus uberis teat-end contamination and less Streptococcus uberis intra-mammary infections at calving     

Lopez-Benavides MG  Williamson JH  Lacy-Hulbert SJ  Cursons RT 《Veterinary microbiology》2009,134(1-2):186-191

Heifers managed under pastoral conditions are at risk from Streptococcus uberis mastitis infections at calving. A total of 397 heifers from six farms around New Zealand were enrolled in a study to identify and enumerate S. uberis on teat-ends of heifers in the peri-partum period, and to understand the effect of teat-spraying in the pre-calving period on the prevalence and incidence of S. uberis mastitis post-calving. Heifers were randomly assigned to Control or Sprayed groups. Sprayed heifers were teat-sprayed once, three times a week (Monday, Wednesday and Friday) with a commercial iodine-based teat sanitizer, starting at 3 weeks prior to calving and ending at day of calving. Across three farms, all glands of cows in both groups were sampled at calving to determine S. uberis intra-mammary infection (IMI) prevalence. For all farms, clinical mastitis (CM) cases detected during the week after calving were sampled and submitted for bacteriological analysis. Swabbing of teat-ends of 54 heifers from one farm showed that heifers had a pre-existing S. uberis contamination averaging 610 colony-forming units per swab (cfu/swab), at 3 weeks prior to calving. At calving, teat-end contamination was 560 cfu/swab for Sprayed heifers and 1775 cfu/swab for Control heifers. Two weeks after calving, teat-end contamination was similar between both groups, at 30 cfu/swab. The prevalence of S. uberis IMI was significantly lower in the Sprayed (3.5% glands) vs. the Control (7.4%) heifers in the first week after calving. There was a trend for Sprayed heifers (3.6% heifers) to have a lower incidence of S. uberis CM compared with Control heifers (7.4% heifers). It is concluded that teat-spraying in the dry period is a management option that could contribute to controlling heifer S. uberis mastitis in the transition period.  相似文献   

Isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration sparing effects of fentanyl in the dog     

Allan J. Williamson  Joao H.N. Soares  Noah D. Pavlisko  Robert McAlister Council-Troche  Natalia Henao-Guerrero 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):738-745

Objective

To characterize the isoflurane-sparing effects of a high and a low dose of fentanyl in dogs, and its effects on mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR).

Study design

Prospective, randomized crossover trial.

Animals

Eight healthy male Beagle dogs weighing 12.1 ± 1.6 kg [mean ± standard deviation (SD)] and approximate age 1 year.

Methods

Dogs were anesthetized using isoflurane and minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) was determined in duplicate by the bracketing method using an electrical stimulus on the tarsus. Animals were administered fentanyl: low dose (33 μg kg^?1 loading dose, 0.2 μg kg^?1 minute^?1) or high dose (102 μg kg^?1 loading dose, 0.8 μg kg^?1 minute^?1) and MAC was re-determined (MAC_ISO-F). Blood was collected for analysis of plasma fentanyl concentrations before administration and after MAC_ISO-F determination. All values are presented as mean ± SD.

Results

Isoflurane MAC (MAC_ISO) was 1.30 ± 0.23% in the low dose treatment, which significantly decreased to 0.75 ± 0.22% (average MAC reduction 42.3 ± 9.4%). MAC_ISO was 1.30 ± 0.18% in the high dose treatment, which significantly decreased to 0.30 ± 0.11% (average MAC reduction 76.9 ± 7.4%). Mean fentanyl plasma concentrations were 6.2 and 29.5 ng mL^?1 for low and high dose treatments, respectively. MAP increased significantly only in the high dose treatment (from 81 ± 8 to 92 ± 9 mmHg). HR decreased significantly in both treatments from 108 ± 25 to 61 ± 14 beats minute^?1 with the low dose and from 95 ± 14 to 42 ± 4 beats minute^?1 with the high dose.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

Fentanyl administration resulted in a dose-dependent isoflurane MAC-sparing effect with bradycardia at both doses and an increase in MAP only at high dose. Further evaluation is needed to determine the effects of fentanyl on the overall cardiovascular function.  相似文献   

Chest wall rigidity in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane and fentanyl at a low or a high dose     

J. Soares  N. Henao-Guerrero  N. Pavlisko  A. Williamson  A. Giannella-Neto  A. Carvalho 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1262.e14-1262.e15

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Pharmacokinetics and dynamics of mycophenolate mofetil after single‐dose oral administration in juvenile dachshunds          下载免费PDF全文

M. Grobman  D. M. Boothe  H. Rindt  B. G. Williamson  M. L. Katz  J. R. Coates  C. R. Reinero 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2017,40(6):e1-e10

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is recommended as an alternative/complementary immunosuppressant. Pharmacokinetic and dynamic effects of MMF are unknown in young‐aged dogs. We investigated the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single oral dose MMF metabolite, mycophenolic acid (MPA), in healthy juvenile dogs purpose‐bred for the tripeptidyl peptidase 1 gene (TPP1) mutation. The dogs were heterozygous for the mutation (nonaffected carriers). Six dogs received 13 mg/kg oral MMF and two placebo. Pharmacokinetic parameters derived from plasma MPA were evaluated. Whole‐blood mitogen‐stimulated T‐cell proliferation was determined using a flow cytometric assay. Plasma MPA C_max (mean ± SD, 9.33 ± 7.04 μg/ml) occurred at <1 hr. The AUC_0–∞ (mean ± SD, 12.84±6.62 hr*μg/ml), MRT_inf (mean ± SD, 11.09 ± 9.63 min), T1/2 (harmonic mean ± PseudoSD 5.50 ± 3.80 min), and k/d (mean ± SD, 0.002 ± 0.001 1/min). Significant differences could not be detected between % inhibition of proliferating CD5+ T lymphocytes at any time point (p = .380). No relationship was observed between MPA concentration and % inhibition of proliferating CD5+ T lymphocytes (R = .148, p = .324). Pharmacodynamics do not support the use of MMF in juvenile dogs at the administered dose based on existing therapeutic targets.  相似文献   

Effect of setting a maximum milking time, from peak lactation, on production, milking time and udder health     

Jago JG  McGowan JE  Williamson JH 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2010,58(5):246-252

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Efficacy of Omeprazole versus High‐Dose Famotidine for Prevention of Exercise‐Induced Gastritis in Racing Alaskan Sled Dogs     

K.K. Williamson  M.D. Willard  M.E. Payton  M.S. Davis 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2010,24(2):285-288

Background: Omeprazole and famotidine both reduce severity of exercise‐induced gastritis, but administering famotidine is easier than administering omeprazole during racing competition. Hypothesis: Famotidine is more efficacious than no treatment in reducing severity of exercise‐induced gastritis; and high‐dose famotidine is more efficacious than omeprazole in reducing severity of exercise‐induced gastritis. Animals: Experiment 1: Randomized placebo‐controlled study, 36 sled dogs (3–8 years); Experiment 2: Randomized positive‐control study, 52 sled dogs (2–8 years). Methods: Experiment 1: Equal numbers of dogs randomly assigned to famotidine (20 mg q24h) or no treatment groups. Gastroscopy was performed 24 hours after the dogs ran 330 miles. Mucosal appearance was blindly scored by previously described scoring system. Experiment 2: Equal numbers of dogs randomly assigned to omeprazole (20 mg q24h) or high‐dose famotidine (40 mg q12h) groups. Gastroscopy was performed 48 hours before and 24 hours after the dogs ran 300 miles. Mucosal appearance was blindly scored by previously described scoring system. Results: Famotidine reduced the prevalence of clinically relevant, exercise‐induced gastric lesions compared with no treatment (7/16 versus 11/16, P= .031). Compared with high‐dose famotidine, omeprazole significantly decreased the severity (0.4 versus 1.2, P= .0002) and prevalence (2/23 versus 7/21, P= .049) of gastric lesions. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Although famotidine provides some benefit in the prevention of exercise‐induced gastric lesions, omeprazole is superior to famotidine in preventing gastritis in dogs running 300 miles. Routine administration of omeprazole is recommended to prevent stress‐associated gastric disease in exercising and racing Alaskan sled dogs.  相似文献   

Water bird mortality associated with freezing winter weather and disease     

Duff JP  Holliman A  Hateley G  Irvine RM  Wight A  Williamson S 《The Veterinary record》2011,168(22):593

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One-stage prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, fibrin degradation product concentration, and antithrombin activity in healthy adult alpacas     

House AM  Barton MH  Williamson LH 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2011,40(2):195-197

Background: Alpacas are increasingly presented to veterinarians for evaluation and care. Reports of alpaca reference intervals for one‐stage prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), thrombin time (TT), concentration of fibrin degradation products (FDP), and antithrombin (AT) activities are scarce or nonexistent. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine values for blood coagulation times (PT, aPTT, and TT), FDP concentrations, and AT activities in healthy adult alpacas. Methods: Of blood samples collected from 35 clinically healthy adult alpacas via jugular venipuncture and placed into sodium citrate and FDP tubes, 29 samples were assayable for coagulation testing. PT, aPTT, and TT were determined by physical (mechanical) clot detection; AT activity was determined using a thrombin‐specific chromogenic substrate end‐point assay; and FDP concentrations were determined by the slide agglutination method. Results: Median values and ranges (minimum–maximum) were determined for PT (8.7 seconds, 6.6–11.2 seconds), aPTT (17.3 seconds, 11.9–22.5 seconds), TT (10.2 seconds, 5.4–16.0 seconds), and AT activity (123.3%, 104.8–144.2%). The mean concentration of FDP was <8 μg/mL. Conclusion: These values for coagulation times, FDP concentration, and AT activity will provide a useful starting point in the diagnostic evaluation of ill adult alpacas.  相似文献