N‐Terminal Pro‐C‐Natriuretic Peptide and Cytokine Kinetics in Dogs with Endotoxemia     

A.N.K. Floras  M.K. Holowaychuk  D. Bienzle  A.M.E. Bersenas  S. Sharif  T. Harvey  S.K. Nordone  G.A. Wood 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(5):1447-1453

Background

Serum N‐terminal pro‐C‐natriuretic peptide (NT‐proCNP) concentration at hospital admission has sufficient sensitivity and specificity to differentiate naturally occurring sepsis from nonseptic systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). However, little is known about serum NT‐proCNP concentrations in dogs during the course of sepsis.

Objective

To determine serum NT‐proCNP and cytokine kinetics in dogs with endotoxemia, a model of canine sepsis.

Samples

Eighty canine serum samples.

Methods

Eight healthy adult Beagles were randomized to receive Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5 μg/kg) or placebo (0.9% NaCl) as a single IV dose in a randomized crossover study. Serum collected at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 24 hours was stored at −80°C for batch analysis. Serum NT‐proCNP was measured by ELISA and 13 cytokines and chemokines by multiplex magnetic bead‐based assay.

Results

Serum NT‐proCNP concentrations did not differ significantly between LPS‐ and placebo‐treated dogs at any time. When comparing serum cytokine concentrations, LPS‐treated dogs had higher interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), IL‐10, TNF‐α and KC‐like at 1, 2, and 4 hours; higher CCL2 at 1, 2, 4, and 24 hours; and higher IL‐8 and CXCL10 at 4 hours compared to placebo‐treated dogs. There were no differences in serum GM‐CSF, IFN‐γ, IL‐2, IL‐7, IL‐15 or IL‐18 between LPS‐ and placebo‐treated dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Serum NT‐proCNP concentration does not change significantly in response to LPS administration in healthy dogs. Certain serum cytokine and chemokine concentrations are significantly increased within 1–4 hours after LPS administration and warrant further investigation as tools for the detection and management of sepsis in dogs.  相似文献   

The effects of temperature on the physiological response to low oxygen in Atlantic sturgeon     

Kieffer JD  Baker DW  Wood AM  Papadopoulos CN 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2011,37(4):809-819

Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus), which are bottom dwelling and migratory fish, experience environmental hypoxia in their natural environment. Atlantic sturgeon, acclimated to either 5 or 15°C, were subjected to a 1 h severe (<10 mm Hg) hypoxia challenge in order to document their physiological responses. We measured hematological parameters, including O₂ transport (hemoglobin, hematocrit), ionic (chloride, osmolality), and metabolic (glucose, lactate) variables under normoxic conditions (~160 mm Hg), immediately following a 1 h exposure to hypoxic water, and following a further 2 h of recovery from this challenge in normoxic water. In a second experiment, we assessed the opercular beat frequency before, during, and after hypoxic exposure. Hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit were significantly different between fish held at 5°C vs. 15°C and also significantly different between normoxia prior to hypoxia and following recovery. Plasma lactate concentrations increased following hypoxia at both temperatures, indicative of an increase in anaerobic metabolism. In contrast, a significant increase in plasma glucose concentrations in response to hypoxia only occurred at 5°C, suggesting different fuel demands under different temperatures. Changes in opercular beat frequency (OBF) were dependent on temperature. At 5°C, OBF increased upon exposure to hypoxia, but returned to pre-exposure levels within 35 min for the remainder of the experiment. During hypoxia at 15°C, OBF increased very briefly, but then rapidly (within 20 min) decreased to levels below control values. Following a return to normoxia, OBF quickly increased to control levels. Overall, these findings suggest that Atlantic sturgeons are relatively tolerant to short-term and severe hypoxic stress, and the strategies for hypoxia tolerance may be temperature dependent.  相似文献   

Swimming performance,whole body ions,and gill Al accumulation during acclimation to sublethal aluminium in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)     

Rod W. Wilson  Chris M. Wood 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1992,10(2):149-159

Juvenile rainbow trout (2–5 g) were chronically exposed (for 22 days) to acidified softwater (Ca²⁺ = 25 Eq/l, pH 5.2) in the presence or absence sublethal Al (30 g/l). Al-exposed fish (5.2/Al group) suffered 20% whole body Na⁺ and Cl^– losses and a 30% reduction in the maximum sustainable swimming speed (U_crit) over the initial 7 days. These disturbances were approximately 2 fold greater than those observed in the fish exposed to low pH alone (5.2/0 group). However, whole body ion levels were completely restored in the 5.2/Al fish by day 22, whereas they merely stabilized at a new reduced level in the 5.2/0 group. Increased resistance to acutely lethal Al (200 g/l at pH 5.2) was observed from day 17 onwards in the 5.2/Al fish. Despite this acclimation and recovery of whole body ions, U_crit remained significantly lower than in the 5.2/0 group throughout. Growth on a restricted diet of 1% body wt. /day was normal in the 5.2/0 group compared with controls maintained in pH 6.5 softwater, whereas 5.2/Al fish suffered a 50% reduction in growth rate on the same diet. The 5.2/Al fish accumulated large amounts of Al on the gills, reaching an initial peak after 4 days, followed by a decline at 7 days, and a secondary rise thereafter. Therefore acclimation and recovery of whole body ionic status was not associated with a reduction in the gill Al burden. Some of the metabolic costs of acclimation to Al, namely a continued impairment of swimming speed and growth, are discussed in light of the physiological and structural changes reported to occur at the gills.  相似文献   

The effects of elevated winter temperature and sub-lethal pollutants (low pH, elevated ammonia) on protein turnover in the gill and liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)     

I.J. Morgan  L.M. D-Cruz  J.J. Dockray  T.K. Linton  D.G. McDonald  C.M. Wood 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1998,19(4):377-389

Appetite, growth, and protein turnover (synthesis, growth and degradation) of liver and gills were measured in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed to satiation, and exposed for 90 days to elevated winter temperatures (+2 °C above ambient) and either low pH (5.2) in softwater or 70 M total ammonia (TAmm) in hardwater. All fish increased in weight during the experiments, but those exposed to +2°C grew significantly more than those at ambient temperature due to a stimulation of appetite. During the relatively constant temperature of the first 75 days, +2 °C caused a significant increase in the rates of protein synthesis and degradation in the liver of hardwater-acclimated fish, as a result of an increase in RNA translational efficiency (KRNA). The elevated temperature also induced an increase in gill protein synthesis in softwater-acclimated fish but in this case the underlying mechanism was an increase in Cs, the capacity for protein synthesis (RNA:protein) rather than in KRNA. The addition of 70 M TAmm had no effect on protein turnover in either liver or gills of hardwater-acclimated fish. Low pH inhibited protein growth in the liver of softwater-acclimated fish at day 90 under both temperature regimes. This inhibition was effected via a decrease in protein synthesis at control temperature but via an increase in protein degradation when the fish were exposed to both low pH and +2 °C. From these results we conclude that a simulated global warming scenario has potentially beneficial rather than detrimental effects on protein turnover and growth of freshwater fish during winter.  相似文献   

Global Advances in Conservation and Management of Marine Ornamental Resources     

Elizabeth Wood 《Aquarium Sciences and Conservation》2001,3(1-3):65-77

Currently, as many as 30 million coral reef fish belonging to 1,000 species are collected annually to supply private and public aquaria around the world. In addition, over 100 species of invertebrate are used, involving hundreds of thousands or even millions of individuals. The majority of these specimens come from coral reefs and associated habitats, with about 45 countries supplying the ornamental market. Considering the many pressures currently faced by reefs it is vital that ornamental fisheries are investigated and monitored, and management strategies formulated to ensure they are sustainable. This requires research, monitoring, training, use of non-damaging collecting methods and adoption of conservation strategies for controlling catch, such as reserves, quotas and closed seasons. There are also a number of possibilities for enhancing the fishery, such as mariculture and construction of artificial reefs. This paper concentrates on some of the conservation measures that can be taken and discusses their application and effectiveness. Such measures include limiting collecting effort, establishment of species-based or overall quotas, restrictions on rare and/or endemic species, temporary closures and establishment of fisherybreak reserves.  相似文献   

劳卡（ROCO）：与德国舒乐咨询公司携手,对生产组织进行优化     

Klaus Kellner 《国外林产工业文摘》2014,(10):10-10

在中国南部的广东省,正在兴起一种家具制造的新模式：通过签订协议,按照顾客的个性化需求对家具进行量身定制。2011年中期,劳卡公司投资建立了一家新工厂,该厂生产面积约1万m^2。通过实践,根据舒乐咨询公司建议的组织结构,在同等工作量投入的情况下,中国工人的人均产量却增长了近4倍。与之前封边机封边数量为每天1 800次相比,现在封边机每天可以完成3 400次的封边。  相似文献   

Taxonomic and functional macroinvertebrate diversity of high-altitude ponds in the Macun Cirque,Switzerland     

Matthew J. Hill  Paul J. Wood  Kate L. Mathers 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2021,31(11):3201-3214

1. Global environmental change is threatening freshwater biodiversity with ecological impacts predicted to be particularly severe in high-altitude regions. Despite this, an ecological understanding of high-altitude pond networks remains patchy, with only limited knowledge of the environmental and spatial predictors of taxonomic and functional diversity. Moreover, previous studies of pond ecosystems have focused primarily on taxonomic richness and largely overlooked functional diversity.
2. This study examined the influence of local environmental and spatial factors on taxonomic and functional α and β diversity (including the turnover and nestedness-resultant components) of 17 high-altitude (~2,500 m above sea level) pond macroinvertebrate communities, in the Macun Cirque, Switzerland.
3. Spatial processes (pond connectivity) were important drivers for taxonomic α diversity, while local environmental variables (pond permanence and surface area) were important determinants of functional α diversity. Species turnover was the most important component of β diversity for taxonomic composition, and functional composition demonstrated a nested spatial pattern.
4. Variation in taxonomic and functional composition (and the turnover and nestedness components of β diversity) were determined by local environmental variables despite the limited environmental gradients within the pond network. No significant effects of spatial variables on community composition were recorded for either facet of diversity, indicating that compositional variation was determined at a local scale. Water temperature, depth and pond permanence were consistently the most important measured drivers of diversity.
5. Given the importance of both spatial and environmental variables in structuring taxonomic and functional diversity, landscape-scale conservation and management activities that aim to improve or protect high-altitude freshwater biodiversity should focus on maintaining connectivity among ponds and environmental heterogeneity, particularly pond surface area, water depth, and hydroperiod. Understanding the mechanisms driving taxonomic and functional diversity will be critically important for the management and conservation of macroinvertebrate communities in high-altitude pond networks in the face of climatic warming.

  相似文献   

开放性——互联网的DNA     

李洪帆 《国际木业》2011,(9):15-15

开放性是互联网最根本的特性，互联网的开放性不仅仅是技术层面上的，它还有更深的内涵。在过去的15年，随着覆盖面越来越大，互联网的增长速度不断加快，互联网意义越来越重大。互联网的开放标准使得“互连”更加便宜和便捷，消融了学术之间、企业之间以及消费者网络之间的界限。正如国家之间的自由贸易协定增加了市场规模、扩大了收益，互联网...  相似文献   

Lymphocystis disease in captive barramundi     

M PEARCE  JD HUMPHREY  AD HYATT  LM WILLIAMS 《Australian veterinary journal》1990,67(4):144-145

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Oral papillomas in cattle     

J L Samuel  P B Spradbrow  A L Wood  W R Kelly 《Zentralblatt für Veterin?rmedizin. Reihe B. Journal of veterinary medicine. Series B》1985,32(9):706-714

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