Detection, quantification, and pharmacokinetics of furosemide and its effects on urinary specific gravity following IV administration to horses     

Dirikolu L  Lehner AF  Hughes C  Karpiesiuk W  Camargo FC  Harkins JD  Woods WE  Bosken JM  Boyles J  Troppmann A  Fisher M  Tobin T 《Veterinary therapeutics : research in applied veterinary medicine》2003,4(4):350-363

Furosemide is a potent loop diuretic used for the prevention of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses. This drug may interfere with the detection of other substances by reducing urinary concentrations, so its use is strictly regulated. The regulation of furosemide in many racing jurisdictions is based on paired limits of urinary SG (<1.010) and serum furosemide concentrations (>100 ng/ml). To validate this regulatory mechanism, a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry method employing a solid-phase extraction procedure and furosemide-d5 as an internal standard was developed. The method was used to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of furosemide in equine serum samples and its effects on urinary SG after IV administration (250 mg) to 10 horses. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that serum concentrations of furosemide were well described by a two-compartmental open model. Based on results in this study, it is very unlikely for horses to have serum furosemide concentrations greater than 100 ng/ml or urine SG less than 1.010 at 4 hours after administration (250 mg IV). However, it should be remembered that urine SG is a highly variable measurement in horses, and even without furosemide administration, some horses might naturally have urine SG values less than 1.010.  相似文献   

Myasthenia gravis and masticatory muscle myositis in a dog          下载免费PDF全文

Clooten JK  Woods JP  Smith-Maxie LL 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2003,44(6):480-483

A 21-month-old, castrated male Vizsla was presented for pelvic limb weakness, difficulty opening his mouth, ptyalism, voice change, and urinary incontinence. Myasthenia gravis and masticatory myositis were diagnosed. The unusual clinical findings, diagnosis, treatment, and case outcome are described, followed by a brief discussion of myasthenia gravis and masticatory myositis.  相似文献   

Effect of background serum lithium concentrations on the accuracy of lithium dilution cardiac output determination in dogs     

Mason DJ  O'Grady M  Woods JP  McDonell WN 《American journal of veterinary research》2002,63(7):1048-1052

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of increasing serum lithium concentrations on lithium dilution cardiac output (LiDCO) determination and to determine the ability to predict the serum lithium concentration from the cumulative lithium chloride dosage. ANIMALS: 10 dogs (7 males, 3 females). PROCEDURE: Cardiac output (CO) was determined in anesthetized dogs by measuring LiDCO and thermodilution cardiac output (TDCO). The effect of the serum lithium concentration on LiDCO was assessed by observing the agreement between TDCO and LiDCO at various serum lithium concentrations. Also, cumulative lithium chloride dosage was compared with the corresponding serum lithium concentrations. RESULTS: 44 paired observations were used. The linear regression analysis for the effect of the serum lithium concentration on the agreement between TDCO and LiDCO revealed a slope of -1.530 (95% confidence interval [CI], -2.388 to -0.671) and a y-intercept of 0.011 (r2 = 0.235). The linear regression analysis for the effect of the cumulative lithium chloride dosage on the serum lithium concentration revealed a slope of 2.291 (95% CI, 2.153 to 2.429) and a y-intercept of 0.008 (r2 = 0.969). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The LiDCO measurement increased slightly as the serum lithium concentration increased. This error was not clinically relevant and was minimal at a serum lithium concentration of 0.1 mmol/L and modest at a concentration of 0.4 mmol/L. The serum lithium concentration can be reliably predicted from the cumulative lithium dosage if lithium chloride is administered often within a short period.  相似文献   

Disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection in a cat          下载免费PDF全文

Barry M  Taylor J  Woods JP 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2002,43(5):369-371

A domestic shorthair cat was presented for lethargy and ataxia. Clinical findings included an abdominal mass, lumbosacral pain, ataxia. Aspirates from the liver and lymph nodes revealed intracellular, negative-staining rods. Treatment for presumptive mycobacterium infection was unsuccessful and the cat was euthanized. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium was confirmed on culture.  相似文献   

Lymph node aspirate from a 4-month-old Mastiff with weight loss,lymphadenopathy, and pyrexia   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Woods JP  Decker LS  Meinkoth J  Steurer F 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2000,29(4):137-139

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Genetic variation and population structure of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum in Australia     

B. Wang  C. L. Brubaker  W. Tate  M. J. Woods  B. A. Matheson  J. J. Burdon 《Plant pathology》2006,55(6):746-755

Genetic variation among 348 isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum (Fov) collected from diseased cotton plants in 31 fields in six cotton-growing regions in New South Wales and Queensland in 2002 and 2004 was analysed using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). Twenty-eight haplotypes were identified based on 146 polymorphic bands generated with four Eco RI and Mse I and four Hind III and Mse I primer combinations. The haplotypes separated into two distinct groups (37% similarity), with 21 in group I and seven in group II. The two unique vegetative compatibility groups of Fov known to occur in Australia (VCG 01111 and VCG 01112) were correlated to the two AFLP groups, with both VCG 01111 reference isolates being included in group I and both VCG 01112 reference isolates in group II. Group I was widespread, occurring in all regions sampled and all but one of the fields, while group II was limited to three fields in the Boggabilla region. Group I was further divided into two subgroups. The two haplotypes in subgroup I-B (I-20 and I-21) may represent the emergence of a new form of Fov based on their marked genetic discrimination from the subgroup I-A haplotypes. No spatial population differentiation was discernible at the national level, as only 3·9% of total genetic variation was attributed to differences among regions ( P =  0·4868). When each region was analysed separately, clear differentiation was found in the Boggabilla region, with 86·3% of total genetic variation resulting from differences among fields ( P <  0·0001).  相似文献   

A target-site mutation is present in a glyphosate-resistant Lolium rigidum population   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

AM WAKELIN  & C PRESTON† 《Weed Research》2006,46(5):432-440

Annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) is the only weed species to have evolved resistance to the broad‐spectrum herbicide glyphosate in Australia. A population that had failed to be controlled by glyphosate was collected from a vineyard in the Adelaide Hills region of South Australia. Dose–response experiments on this population (SLR 77) showed that it was glyphosate resistant, with an LD₅₀ that was 1.9–3.4 times higher than that of a susceptible population (VLR 1). The movement of radiolabelled glyphosate within SLR 77 plants showed that this population did not have the differential glyphosate translocation mechanism of resistance common to several other Australian glyphosate‐resistant populations. Subsequent analysis of shikimic acid accumulation within the plant after glyphosate treatment showed that this population accumulated significantly less shikimic acid than a susceptible population, but more than a glyphosate‐resistant population with the translocation mechanism, indicating the possible involvement of another mechanism of resistance. Sequencing of a portion of the SLR 77 5‐enolpyruvylshikimate‐3‐phosphate synthase gene was carried out and a mutation causing an amino acid change at position 106 from proline to threonine was identified. This mutation is likely to be responsible for glyphosate resistance in this population, as mutations in this position have been found to be responsible for glyphosate resistance in goosegrass (Eleusine indica) from Malaysia. This paper represents the first report of target‐site glyphosate resistance in L. rigidum and provides evidence that this species has at least two mechanisms of glyphosate resistance present in Australia.  相似文献   

Bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 3 infection in Poll Dorset sheep   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

C. HAMBLIN  JS SALT  SD GRAHAM  K. HOPWOOD  AM WADE-EVANS 《Australian veterinary journal》1998,76(9):622-629

Objective To study the clinical signs following bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 3 infection in Poll Dorset sheep.
Design A clinical and pathological study.
Procedure Twenty Poll Dorset sheep were inoculated with bluetongue virus serotypes 1 or 3, each inoculum having a different passage history. The sheep were examined daily and their clinical appearance and rectal temperatures recorded. Heparinised and non-heparinised blood samples were taken at intervals for virological and serological study. Gross pathological findings were recorded for several sheep at necropsy and tissue samples were collected from three sheep for virological studies.
Results All inoculated sheep developed clinical disease. The clinical signs and gross pathological changes varied considerably but were consistent with damage to the vascular endothelial system. There was a decline in the titres of infectious bluetongue virus and of antigen in tissues collected between 7 and 12 days after infection.
Conclusions The severity of disease was related to the speed of onset and duration of pyrexia and not the development or titre of viraemia. Generally, those animals with sensitive mouths, depression, coronitis, recumbency and reluctance to move were the most debilitated. Whole blood was the most reliable source of infectious virus from acutely and chronically infected and convalescent animals. However, tissue samples particularly spleen, collected from dead or killed animals suffering from either peracute or acute forms of disease were most appropriate for the rapid confirmation of a clinical diagnosis.  相似文献   

Lidocaine in the horse: its pharmacological effects and their relationship to analytical findings   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

Harkins  Mundy  Woods  Lehner  Karpiesiuk  Rees  Dirikolu  Bass  Carter  Boyles  & Tobin 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》1998,21(6):462-476

Lidocaine is a local anaesthetic agent that is widely used in equine medicine. It is also an Association of Racing Commissioners International (ARCI) Class 2 foreign substance that may cause regulators to impose substantial penalties if residues are identified in post race urine samples. Therefore, an analytical/pharmacological database was developed for this drug. Using our abaxial sesamoid local anaesthetic model, the highest no-effect dose (HNED) for the local anaesthetic effect of lidocaine was determined to be 4 mg. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screening, administration of the HNED of lidocaine to eight horses yielded peak serum and urine concentrations of apparent lidocaine of 0.84 ng/mL at 30 min and 72.8 ng/mL at 60 min after injection, respectively. These concentrations of apparent lidocaine are readily detectable by routine ELISA screening tests (LIDOCAINE ELISA, Neogen, Lexington, KY). ELISA screening does not specifically identify lidocaine or its metabolites, which include 3-hydroxylidocaine, dimethylaniline, 4-hydroxydimethylaniline, monoethylglycinexylidine, 3-hydroxymonoethylglycinexylidine, and glycinexylidine. As 3-hydroxylidocaine is the major metabolite recovered from equine urine, it was synthesized, purified and characterized, and a quantitative mass spectrometric method was developed for 3-hydroxylidocaine as recovered from horse urine. Following subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of the HNED of lidocaine, the concentration of 3-hydroxylidocaine recovered from urine reached a peak of about 315 ng/mL at 1 h after administration. The mean pH of the 1 h post dosing urine samples was 7.7, and there was no apparent effect of pH on the amount of 3-hydroxylidocaine recovered. Within the context of these experiments, the data suggests that recovery of less than 315 ng/mL of 3-hydroxylidocaine from a post race urine sample is unlikely to be associated with a recent local anaesthetic effect of lidocaine. Therefore these data may be of assistance to industry professionals in evaluating the significance of small concentrations of lidocaine or its metabolites in postrace urine samples. It should be noted that the quantitative data are based on analytical methods developed specifically for this study, and that methods used by other laboratories may yield different recoveries of urine 3-hydroxylidocaine.  相似文献   

Have a heart: xenotransplantation, nonhuman death and human distress.     

Tania Woods 《Society and Animals》1998,6(1):47-65

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