OBJECTIVE: To evaluate compliance with the World Health Organization's International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes in primary care, after the introduction of strict local infant feeding guidelines. DESIGN: An audit form was sent to all community-based health professionals with an infant feeding remit. Walking tours were conducted in a random sample of community care facilities. SETTING: Greater Glasgow Primary Care Division. SUBJECTS: (1) Primary-care staff with an infant feeding remit; (2) community health-care facilities. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Contact with manufacturers of breast-milk substitutes (BMS) and BMS company personnel, free samples or incentives, and advertising of BMS. RESULTS: Contact with company personnel was minimal, usually unsolicited and was mainly to provide product information. Free samples of BMS or feeding equipment were rare but childcare or parenting literature was more prevalent. Staff voiced concerns about the lack of relevant information for bottle-feeding mothers and the need to support the mother's feeding choice. One-third of facilities were still displaying materials non-compliant with the Code, with the most common materials being weight conversion charts and posters. CONCLUSIONS: Contact between personnel from primary care and BMS companies was minimal and generally unsolicited. The presence of materials from BMS companies in health-care premises was more common. Due to the high level of bottle-feeding in Glasgow, primary-care staff stated a need for information about BMS. 相似文献
Phymastichus coffea LaSalle (Hymenoptera:Eulophidae) is an adult endoparasitoid of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera:Curculionidae:Scolytinae), which has been introduced in many coffee producing countries as a biological control agent. To determine the effectiveness of P. coffea against H. hampei and environmental safety for release in Hawaii, we investigated the host selection and parasitism response of adult females to 43 different species of Coleoptera, including 23 Scolytinae (six Hypothenemus species and 17 others), and four additional Curculionidae. Non-target testing included Hawaiian endemic, exotic and beneficial coleopteran species. Using a no-choice laboratory bioassay, we demonstrated that P. coffea was only able to parasitize the target host H. hampei and four other adventive species of Hypothenemus: H. obscurus, H. seriatus, H. birmanus and H. crudiae. Hypothenemus hampei had the highest parasitism rate and shortest parasitoid development time of the five parasitized Hypothenemus spp. Parasitism and parasitoid emergence decreased with decreasing phylogenetic relatedness of the Hypothenemus spp. to H. hampei, and the most distantly related species, H. eruditus, was not parasitized. These results suggest that the risk of harmful non-target impacts is low because there are no native species of Hypothenemus in Hawaii, and P. coffea could be safely introduced for classical biological control of H. hampei in Hawaii.
Population characteristics and outcome of cats with arterial thromboembolism (ATE) managed in general practice (GP) have been poorly described.
Hypothesis
Cats with ATE presenting to GP are usually euthanized at presentation, but survival times >1 year are possible.
Animals
Cats with ATE managed by 3 GP clinics in the United Kingdom.
Methods
Records of cases presenting to GP over a 98‐month period (2004–2012) were reviewed. Cats with an antemortem diagnosis of limb ATE were included. Outcome information was obtained.
Results
Over 98 months, 250 cats were identified with ATE. Prevalence was approximately 0.3%. At presentation, 153 cats (61.2%) were euthanized, with 68/97 (70.1%) of the remaining cats (27.2% of the total population) surviving >24 hours after presentation. Of these, 30/68 (44.1%) survived for at least 7 days. Hypothermia (HR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.002–2.07; P = .049) and management by Clinic 2 (HR, 5.53; 95% CI, 1.23–24.8; P = .026) were independent predictors of 24‐hour euthanasia or death. For cats surviving >24 hours, hypothermia (HR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.12–4.48; P = .021) and failure to receive aspirin, clopidogrel, or both (HR, 8.26; 95% CI, 1.39–50; P = .001) were independent predictors of euthanasia or death within 7 days. For cats that survived ≥7 days, median survival time was 94 (95% CI, 42–164) days, with 6 cats alive 1 year after presentation.
Conclusions
Although 153/250 cats were euthanized at presentation, 6 cats survived >12 months. No factors were identified that predicted euthanasia on presentation. 相似文献
AZD3783, a cationic amphiphilic drug and a potent inhibitor of the 5-hydroxytryptamine
(5-HT1B) receptor, was explored as a potential treatment for depression. To
support clinical trials, repeat dose toxicity studies in rats and dogs were conducted.
Here we report toxicity findings in dogs after dosing from 1 to 3 months. In the 1-month
study, there were minimal neuronal vacuolation in the brain, a marked increase in liver
enzymes accompanied by hepatocellular degeneration/necrosis and phospholipidosis (PLD),
and PLD/cholecystitis in the gallbladder of animals dosed at 47 mg/kg/day. In the 3-month
study, neurotoxicity resulted in euthanasia of one animal dosed at 30 mg/kg/day after 86
days. Extensive pathologic changes were seen in all animals in retina epithelium
(inclusion bodies), brain (neuronal vacuolation, degeneration, or necrosis and nerve fiber
degeneration), spinal ganglia (vacuolation, degeneration, or necrosis), as well as sciatic
and optic nerves (degeneration). Pigment-laden macrophages were observed in the lung,
kidney, liver, gallbladder, bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract, and lymphoid tissues.
Also seen were vitrel and retinal hemorrhage in the eyes. A brain concentration and
pathology study showed that the concentration of AZD3783 in the brain was approximately 4
times higher than in the plasma after 4 weeks of dosing, however, they were similar in all
regions examined, and did not correlate with areas with pathologic findings. Our findings
with AZD3783 in dogs have not been reported previously with other CNS compounds that
effect through serotonergic pharmacology. 相似文献
Two variants of Loma salmonae occur in net-pen reared chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. The typical variant (OA) has a host specificity for salmonids of the genus Oncorhynchus whereas the atypical variant (SV) has a host specificity for brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, and in this study, the ultrastructure of the two are compared. In fish at 8 weeks post-exposure xenomas of the SV variant have a very high proportion of mature spores compared with other developmental stages, while in xenomas of the OA variant there are fewer spores and many other developmental stages. Spores of the SV variant had up to 20 turns of their polar tube whereas those of the OA variant only had 17. Furthermore, the spores of the SV variant were significantly larger than those of the OA variant. The sporophorous vesicle for both variants appears to form around a sporogonial plasmodia, which results in many spores developing within the vesicle. 相似文献