Cortisol Circadian Rhythm Ratio: A Simple Method to Detect Stressed Horses at Higher Risk of Colic?     

Baity B. Leal DVM  MSc  Geraldo E.S. Alves DVM  PhD  Robert H. Douglas DVM  PhD  Beatriz Bringel DVM  Robert J. Young BSc  PhD  Joo Paulo A. Haddad DMV  PhD  Walmir S. Viana DVM  Rafael R. Faleiros DVM  PhD 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2011,31(4):188-190

With the hypothesis that police horses with abnormal cortisol circadian rhythm (CCR) had more chance to develop colic, the aim of this study was to determine the CCR ratio in horses subjected to different housing and work conditions and to associate abnormal CCR ratio with incidence of colic. A total of 116 police horses belonging to four different groups were studied. In all, 31 were full-time stabled and performed urban patrolling activity, 27 were full-time stabled and performed equine therapy and sports activities, 25 were part-time stabled and performed urban patrolling, and 33 animals were kept full-time on pasture and did not perform any kind of work activity. Venous blood samples were collected between 6 and 7 am and also 8 hours later, and cortisol concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay to calculate the CCR ratio. Annual colic incidences (6 months before and after the day on which CCR ratio was determined) were assessed by examining individual medical files. The overall incidence of abnormal CCR ratio (<0.30) was 63.3%, and 107 cases of colic were reported for this population with a mean incidence of 0.92 colic/horse/yr. Horses with abnormal CCR had 2.3 times more chance to have colic (95% CI: 1.07 to 5.28, P = .03) when compared with those with normal CCR. In conclusion, high incidence of abnormal CCR ratio indicates that police horses were under stressful conditions. Horses with abnormal CCR ratios were more prone to suffer colic episodes, indicating that CCR ratio determination could perhaps be useful in detecting horses at risk of colic.  相似文献   

Expressed sequence identification and characterization of the cDNA for interleukin-4 from the mitogen-stimulated lymphoid tissue of a marsupial, Macropus eugenii     

Young L 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2011,140(3-4):335-340

Very few cytokines that are important to the understanding of T helper cell function are characterized in marsupials. Expression of a 645 bp cDNA product that codes for a predicted Interleukin-4 peptide of 157 amino acids was detected in the lymph node tissues of Macropus eugenii, the tammar wallaby. Using Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends, both 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions were identified and a polyadenylation signal and three mRNA instability motifs associated with secreted cytokine molecules were also present. The translated cDNA sequence has a putative signal peptide of 24 amino acids, a predicted secondary structure that is consistent with the short-chain alpha-helical cytokine family and 82% conservation of residues associated with the Interleukin-4 family sequence motif. Comparisons of wallaby nucleotide and predicted peptide sequences with the coding domains of other vertebrate species demonstrate the diversity within this gene family; with nucleotide and amino acid identities of 74% and 59% with opossum, 52% and 32% with human and 38% and 19% with chicken homologues respectively. Despite these differences in sequence conservation, the putative Macropus eugenii Interleukin-4 mature peptide contains conserved structural motifs and predicted receptor-binding residues that suggest that it may retain functional properties associated with this important Th2 cytokine in other mammals.  相似文献   

Response of Stallions to Primary Immunization with a Modified Live Equine Viral Arteritis Vaccine     

K. Amy Summers-Lawyer  Yun Young Go  Zhengchun Lu  Peter J. Timoney  Patrick M. McCue  Jianqiang Zhang  Kathleen M. Shuck  Jason Bruemmer 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2011,31(3):129-138

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Pharmacokinetics of tulathromycin following subcutaneous administration in meat goats   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Gabrielle Young  Geof W. Smith  Teresa L. Leavens  Scott E. Wetzlich  Ronald E. Baynes  Sharon E. Mason  Jim E. Riviere  Lisa A. Tell 《Research in veterinary science》2011,90(3):477-479

Tulathromycin is a triamilide antibiotic that maintains therapeutic concentrations for an extended period of time. The drug is approved for the treatment of respiratory disease in cattle and swine and is occasionally used in goats. To investigate the pharmacokinetics of tulathromycin in meat goats, 10 healthy Boer goats were administered a single 2.5 mg/kg subcutaneous dose of tulathromycin. Plasma concentrations were measured by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) detection. Plasma maximal drug concentration (C_max) was 633 ± 300 ng/ml (0.40 ± 0.26 h post-subcutaneous injection). The half-life of tulathromycin in goats was 110 ± 19.9 h. Tulathromycin was rapidly absorbed and distributed widely after subcutaneous injection 33 ± 6 L/kg. The mean AUC of the group was 12,500 ± 2020 h ng/mL for plasma. In this study, it was determined that the pharmacokinetics of tulathromycin after a single 2.5 mg/kg SC injection in goats were very similar to what has been previously reported in cattle.  相似文献   

2-Aminobenzoic acid of Bacillus sp. BS107 as an ISR determinant against Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovotrum SCC1 in tobacco     

Si Young Yang  Myung Ryeol Park  In Seon Kim  Young Cheol Kim  Jung Wook Yang  Choong-Min Ryu 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2011,129(3):371-378

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Benchmark study on glyphosate-resistant cropping systems in the United States. Part 4: Weed management practices and effects on weed populations and soil seedbanks     

Wilson RG  Young BG  Matthews JL  Weller SC  Johnson WG  Jordan DL  Owen MD  Dixon PM  Shaw DR 《Pest management science》2011,67(7):771-780

BACKGROUND: Weed management in glyphosate‐resistant (GR) maize, cotton and soybean in the United States relies almost exclusively on glyphosate, which raises criticism for facilitating shifts in weed populations. In 2006, the benchmark study, a field‐scale investigation, was initiated in three different GR cropping systems to characterize academic recommendations for weed management and to determine the level to which these recommendations would reduce weed population shifts. RESULTS: A majority of growers used glyphosate as the only herbicide for weed management, as opposed to 98% of the academic recommendations implementing at least two herbicide active ingredients and modes of action. The additional herbicides were applied with glyphosate and as soil residual treatments. The greater herbicide diversity with academic recommendations reduced weed population densities before and after post‐emergence herbicide applications in 2006 and 2007, particularly in continuous GR crops. CONCLUSION: Diversifying herbicides reduces weed population densities and lowers the risk of weed population shifts and the associated potential for the evolution of glyphosate‐resistant weeds in continuous GR crops. Altered weed management practices (e.g. herbicides or tillage) enabled by rotating crops, whether GR or non‐GR, improves weed management and thus minimizes the effectiveness of only using chemical tactics to mitigate weed population shifts. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Benchmark study on glyphosate-resistant cropping systems in the United States. Part 1: Introduction to 2006-2008     

Shaw DR  Owen MD  Dixon PM  Weller SC  Young BG  Wilson RG  Jordan DL 《Pest management science》2011,67(7):741-746

Glyphosate-resistant (GR) crop technology has dramatically impacted agriculture. The adoption of GR systems in canola, maize, cotton, soybean and sugar beets has been widespread in the United States. However, weed scientists are concerned that growers' current herbicide programs and weed management tactics will affect their sustainability and effectiveness. Without proper management, the potential for weed populations to express a high degree of resistance to glyphosate will adversely impact the utility of glyphosate. In 2005, weed scientists from six universities initiated a long-term research study to assess the sustainability of GR technology. This paper introduces five other articles in this series. Over 150 fields of at least 10 ha were selected to participate in a long-term field-scale study, and each field was split in half. On one-half the grower continued using the current weed management program; on the other half the grower used academic-recommended herbicide resistance best management practices. Field data were collected in 2006-2008 to determine the impact of the two weed management programs on weed populations, diversity, seedbank, crop yields and economic returns. This long-term study will provide invaluable data for determining the sustainability and profitability of diversified weed management programs designed to lower the risk of evolving weed resistance to glyphosate.  相似文献   

NMDA receptor losses in putamen from patients with Huntington's disease   总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19  

A B Young  J T Greenamyre  Z Hollingsworth  R Albin  C D'Amato  I Shoulson  J B Penney 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1988,241(4868):981-983

N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), phencyclidine (PCP), and quisqualate receptor binding were compared to benzodiazepine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and muscarinic cholinergic receptor binding in the putamen and cerebral cortex of individuals with Huntington's disease (HD). NMDA receptor binding was reduced by 93 percent in putamen from HD brains compared to binding in normal brains. Quisqualate and PCP receptor binding were reduced by 67 percent, and the binding to other receptors was reduced by 55 percent or less. Binding to these receptors in the cerebral cortex was unchanged in HD brains. The results support the hypothesis that NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity plays a role in the pathophysiology of Huntington's disease.  相似文献   

Thermal structure of the venus atmosphere in the middle cloud layer     

Linkin VM  Kerzhanovich VV  Lipatov AN  Shurupov AA  Seiff A  Ragent B  Young RE  Ingersoll AP  Crisp D  Elson LS  Preston RA  Blamont JE 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1986,231(4744):1420-1422

Thermal structure measurements obtained by the two VEGA balloons show the Venus middle cloud layer to be generally adiabatic. Temperatures measured by the two balloons at locations roughly symmetric about the equator differed by about 6.5 kelvins at a given pressure. The VEGA-2 temperatures were about 2.5 kelvins cooler and those of VEGA-1 about 4 kelvins warmer than temperatures measured by the Pioneer Venus Large Probe at these levels. Data taken by the VEGA-2 lander as it passed through the middle cloud agreed with those of the VEGA-2 balloon. Study of individual frames of the balloon data suggests the presence of multiple discrete air masses that are internally adiabatic but lie on slightly different adiabats. These adiabats, for a given balloon, can differ in temperature by as much as 1 kelvin at a given pressure.  相似文献   

Loss of division potential in culture: aging or differentiation?     

Bell E  Marek LF  Merrill C  Levinstone DS  Young T  Eden M  Sher S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1980,208(4451):1483

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