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961.
What is new about new forest owners? A typology of private forest ownership in Austria 总被引:1,自引:5,他引:1
With structural changes in agriculture, new types of forest owners have become increasingly important. This article develops
an empirically-based typology of forest owners in Austria. Based on a representative survey and by means of cluster analysis,
seven types of forest owners are identified. These types form a sequence, ranging from forest owners with a strong agricultural
background to forest owners with no agricultural background at all. The latter exhibit markedly different behaviour in various
respects, e.g. in their interest in forest-related information. The increasing number of ‘new’ forest owners raises important
questions for forest policy, especially how policy instruments can reach these owners and how extension services can address
them. 相似文献
962.
Koichi Sone Keita Oishi Tatsuya Shibato Kunihiko Hata 《Journal of Forest Research》2016,21(4):185-192
We conducted field studies to evaluate the impact that curculio weevil attacks on Pasania edulis (Fagacea) acorns have on the regeneration of this tree. The germination ratio of weevil-attacked acorns was significantly lower than that of sound acorns. The number and position of the attacks on acorns affected the germination ratio. The seedlings from weevil-attacked acorns were shorter and had a smaller leaf area than those from sound acorns. The negative effects on seedling height lasted for at least three years after germination. We also studied the handling of the two types of acorns by granivorous Apodemus mice in a broad-leaved forest dominated by P. edulis. The mice picked up, transported, hoarded, and recovered sound and weevil-attacked acorns similarly. In the study site, the seedlings from weevil-attacked acorns were estimated to account for 1.5–20.4 % of the total seedlings for cohorts of mast years and 0–3.7 % for those of poor or medium acorn production. From these results, we conclude that acorns with the lower part of their cotyledons slightly damaged by weevil larvae might still be able to contribute to the regeneration of P. edulis in the field but that their contribution would be negligible or small even in mast years in this study site. 相似文献
963.
Picea mongolica is an endemic but endangered species in China. The spruce forest is only found in sandy forest-steppe ecotones. In this study, we examined the initial response of the quantity and refilling process of fine roots in an artificial canopy gap with a diameter of 36 m in a P. mongolica forest. Under the canopy, the fine root length densities of trees, shrubs and herbs were 2,622, 864 and 3,086 m·m–2, respectively. The fine root biomass of trees, shrubs and herbs were 148, 62 and 65 g·m–2, respect... 相似文献
964.
The bending properties of split bamboo culm were compared with those of spruce and beech wood specimens. The bamboo allowed
large flexural deformation since its outer layer retains the tensile stress while the softer inner layer undergoes large compressive
deformation. The results suggested that the combination of the fiber-rich outer part and the compressible inner part was responsible
for the flexural ductility of split bamboo. To clarify the compressible nature of the inner part of bamboo, the longitudinal
surfaces of the bamboo and wood specimens were microscopically observed before and after a large longitudinal compression.
Although the wood specimens showed serious and localized buckling, the inner part of the bamboo specimens showed no such visible
buckling. In the latter case, the foam-like parenchyma cells absorbed the large compressive deformation by their microscopic
buckling and simultaneously, the alignment of sclerenchyma fibers was maintained by the surrounding parenchyma matrix. The
flexural elasticity of the bamboo was compared to that of the wood in respect of remaining strain during cyclic bending tests.
No clear difference was recognized between their remaining strains. This fact indicated that the bamboo was not so flexible
elastically, although its fiber–foam combination and intelligent fiber distribution improve flexural ductility. 相似文献
965.
A new approach is proposed for the evaluation of the brittleness of heat-treated Styrax tonkinensis wood. Heat treatment made wood more brittle when wood was heated at a higher temperature or for a longer time. The brittleness
increased to four times that of the control when wood was heated at 200°C for 12 h. For treatment at 160°C, the increase in
brittleness without any change in weight is thought to be possibly caused by the relocation of lignin molecules. At higher
temperatures, loss of amorphous polysaccharides due to degradation is thought to become the main factor affecting brittleness.
The crystallites that were newly formed after 2 h of treatment showed brittleness that was different from that of the inherent
crystallites remaining after 12 h of heat treatment. This inherent crystalline cellulose possibly plays a role in brittleness.
There is also the possibility of using color to predict the brittleness of heat-treated wood. 相似文献
966.
El Amin Yousif Raddad 《New Forests》2007,34(3):207-222
The genetic variation in seed weight, seed number per kg and seedling traits was compared among eight Acacia senegal provenances originating from the clay plain (east) and sand plains (west) of the gum belt in Sudan. The main objective of
this study was to identify germplasm sources of A. senegal that have a good seed germination capacity and seedling traits suitable for reforestation in the clay-soil part of the dryland
gum belt in the Blue Nile region in Sudan. A specific objective was to tentatively explore the adaptive strategy of A. senegal populations. Seventeen-week-old seedlings were planted in the field at spacing of 3 m × 3 m, giving 100 trees per plot and
replication; within a randomized complete block design with four replications. The experimental site was in the clay plain
region. Seed variables showed significant differences. Clay plain provenances showed considerable variation in seed weight
and seed number. They had the smallest seed weight but the highest seed number, while the sand (western) provenances had the
largest seed weight but lowest seed number. Seedling branch number, root length, root to shoot ratio and shoot dry weight
differed significantly among the provenances 12 weeks after germination. Clay provenances had the highest branch number and
shoot dry weight but the shortest roots and lowest root to shoot ratio. This was interpreted as showing better adaptation
to the site in these local provenances in comparison to those originating from the western sandy soil regions. High positive
correlations were observed between seedling variables, such as root nodule and branch numbers; this could be used for early
selection. The variation was greater between provenance groups than within them, suggesting that especially selection among
groups would yield genetic gain. 相似文献
967.
The conversion of anthropogenic into more natural, self-regenerating forests is one of the major objectives of forestry throughout
Europe. In this study, we present investigations on permanent plots with different silvicultural treatment in NE German pine
stands. Management of old-growth pine stands on acidic and nutrient-poor sandy sites differs in fencing, thinning, and planting
of certain tree species. The investigations were carried out on the community, population, and individual level of the pine
forest ecosystems. Thus, vegetation changes, size and height of tree populations, and height increment of tree individuals
were observed over a time span of 6 years. Special attention was paid to short-lived tree species such as, e.g., Frangula alnus and Sorbus aucuparia, as well as to Fagus sylvatica as one of the most typical forest tree species of Central Europe. Vegetation changes are interpreted as a consequence of
natural regeneration of formerly degraded forest sites, involving an increase in nutrient availability. High browsing pressure
can be considered as a key factor for the inhibition of tree seedlings and growth of saplings. Some Sorbus aucuparia individuals, however, succeeded in growing out of the browsing height also in unfenced stands. Few found specimens of Fagus sylvatica proved that this species is able to establish spontaneously on these relatively dry, acidic sites under continental climate
influence. Such natural regeneration processes, also including spontaneous rejuvenation of trees, can be integrated into silviculture
as passive forest conversion management. An active management like thinning of stands, planting of trees, and fencing can
accelerate forest conversion with regard to height growth and species number of trees. 相似文献
968.
Tsutomu Suzuki Kyoko Suzuki Yukio Takahashi Mitsuhiro Okimoto Tetsuo Yamada Noriyasu Okazaki Yuichi Shimizu Masashi Fujiwara 《Journal of Wood Science》2007,53(1):54-60
Japanese larch wood loaded with nickel (1%–4%) alone or with nickel and calcium (0.25%–1.5%) was carbonized at 800°–900°C
for 0–120min with a heating rate of 5°–20°C min−1 in a helium flow of 5.8−46.4 ml STP cm−2 min−1 to examine the influence of these variables on the crystallization of carbon (the formation of T component) and the development
of mesoporosity. From the obtained results, reaction conditions suitable for effective production of carbon with the dual
functions of adequate electroconductivity and adsorption capacity in liquid phase were established, thereby explaining the
factors that govern the process. It was also confirmed that mesopore having a diameter of about 4 nm was selectively produced
at the cost of specific (BET) surface area in parallel with the formation of T component. This result provided good insight
into how the simultaneous dual function could be realized. 相似文献
969.
Tatsuhiko Yamada Masako Aratani Satoshi Kubo Hirokuni Ono 《Journal of Wood Science》2007,53(6):487-493
Degradation and decomposition of cellulose were studied in an acid-catalyzed solvolysis treatment of biomass using polyethylene
glycol (PEG) and ethylene carbonate (EC). The solvolysis reaction was followed by a typical reaction system of wood liquefaction
that uses sulfuric acid catalyst at 140° or 150°C at atmospheric pressure. The methods of fractionation and chemical analysis
of the degraded cellulose in the solvolyzed product are discussed. The solvolyzed product was separated into several fractions,
and they were hydrolyzed to release glucose and levulinic acid to determine the quantity of glucosides and levulinates in
the solvolysis product. The data clearly showed that the solvolysis reaction had the same mechanism when using PEG or EC.
Degradation of cellulose leads to the formation of glucosides, which then decompose, resulting in a levulinic acid structure,
and producing a water-insoluble fraction. The conversion rates of both glucosides and levulinates strongly depend on the reaction
conditions of the solvolysis. In particular, EC promotes faster conversion of the reactions. The method discussed here is
a chemical analytical technique for characterization of the products of wood liquefaction. 相似文献
970.
In order to investigate the effects of chemical components and matrix structure on the destabilization of quenched wood, we
examined the physical and mechanical properties of steam-treated wood, hemicellulose-extracted wood, and delignified wood,
which were treated at different levels. For steam-treated and hemicellulose-extracted wood,the relative relaxation modulus
of the quenched sample was lower than that of the respective control sample. For delignified wood, the relative relaxation
modulus fell with weight loss and reached a minimum value at a certain weight loss, and subsequently increased significantly.
The hygroscopicity of all treated samples changed slightly by steaming, whereas increased with removing the component. More-over,
the average volumetric swelling per 1% MC at 100% relative humidity (RH) was less than at 75% RH and 93% RH for component-removed
wood. It was clear that a void structure existed. As a result, the destabilization evaluated by the fluidity (1 - E
t/E
0) of steam-treated wood was influenced by the amount of adsorbed water. For component-removed wood, destabilization increased
temporarily at lower weight loss because of nonuniform cohesive structure. At high weight loss, destabilization will decreased
because capillary-condensed water gathered in the voids and obstructed the motion of adsorbed water. However, the destabilization
of all treated wood changed less than that of chemically modified wood. 相似文献