Use of specific peaks obtained by diffuse reflectance Fourier transform mid‐infrared spectroscopy to study the composition of organic matter in a Haplic Chernozem     

M. S. Demyan  F. Rasche  E. Schulz  M. Breulmann  T. Müller  G. Cadisch 《European Journal of Soil Science》2012,63(2):189-199

This study assessed specific peaks obtained by diffuse reflectance Fourier transform mid‐infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS) for characterizing the soil organic matter (SOM) composition of a Haplic Chernozem. Soils were collected from the Static Fertilization Experiment, Bad Lauchstädt, Germany, during 5 years from the farmyard manure (FYM), mineral fertilizer (NPK), combination (FYM + NPK) and no fertilizer (Control) treatments. Soils were extracted with hot water (HWE), and fractionated by size and density. Bulk soil and fractions were analysed by DRIFTS. Peak areas at 2930, 1620, 1530 and 1159 cm^?1 were selected as a range of organic functional groups (with limited mineral interference), integrated with a local baseline (corrected peak area) and each was divided by the summed area of the four peaks (relative peak area). Positive correlations between carbon (C) in fractions representing labile OM (<1.8 g cm^?3, 1.8–2.0 g cm^?3, C_HWE) and the corrected peak area at 2930 cm^?1 (3010–2800 cm^?1) in the bulk soil indicated that this aliphatic peak corresponded to the more labile C compounds. Negative correlations between the same fractions and the corrected area of the predominantly aromatic peak at 1620 cm^?1 (1660–1580 cm^?1) in the bulk soil suggested a relationship with more stable SOM compounds. All relative peak areas were significantly affected by fertilizer treatment, with an increasing relative peak area at 2930 cm^?1 in FYM compared with non‐FYM treatments. The ratio of the peaks at 1620 and 2930 cm^?1 was positively correlated with the ratio of stable C (sum of C in >1.8 g cm^?3 and clay fractions) to labile C (C content of <1.8 g cm^?3 fraction) and thus taken as an indicator of SOM stability. The DRIFTS peak area method reflected changes in SOM quality and composition under long‐term management as measured by size and density fractionation, indicating heterogeneous chemical composition of the latter. Further, the DRIFTS analysis of undiluted soil samples can be used to assess SOM composition in small sample sets if specular reflection and mineral interferences are considered.  相似文献   

Repair of Monteggia Fractures Using an Arthrex Tightrope System and Ulnar Plating     

Luc Vallone BS  Kurt Schulz DVM  MS Diplomate ACVS 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2011,40(6):734-737

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Development of soil organic matter stocks under different farm types and tillage systems in the Organic Arable Farming Experiment Gladbacherhof     

Franz Schulz  Christopher Brock  Harald Schmidt  Klaus-Peter Franz 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(3):313-326

In 1998, the Organic Arable Farming Experiment Gladbacherhof (OAFEG) was started in order to explore the impact of different organic arable production systems (mixed farming, stockless farming with rotational ley, stockless cash crop farming) and of different tillage intensities (conventional plough as a full inversion tillage, two-layer plough, inversion tillage at reduced depth, non-inversion tillage) on sustainability parameters. In this article, we present results on the development of soil organic matter (SOM) levels. Starting with organic mixed farming with approximately 0.7 livestock units (LU) per ha cattle before set-up of the experiment, only the mixed farming system in the experiment was able to maintain SOM levels. The stockless system with ley maintained soil organic carbon (SOC), but lost soil total nitrogen (STN), and the stockless cash crop system had a significant SOM loss in the magnitude of 7.7 t SOM ha^?1, or roughly 8.4% of the initial SOM mass. Reducing tillage intensity had no impact on SOM masses, but only on organic matter stratification in soils. We conclude that specialization of organic farms towards stockless arable crop production requires special attention on SOM reproduction to avoid detrimental effects. Further, reduced tillage intensity does not necessarily have a positive effect on SOM.  相似文献   

Norchief,a new smooth type,high total solids,red-skinned potato variety     

R. H. Johansen  J. T. Schulz  J. E. Huguelet 《American Journal of Potato Research》1969,46(8):298-301

Norchief is a medium late maturing, red variety with high total solids. In yield, the new variety is quite comparable to Red Pontiac and La Rouge but higher than Norland. Norchief has shown a certain degree of field tolerance to potato flea beetle,Epitrix cucumeris.  相似文献   

Factors influencing the effects of the triazine-phosphate insecticide azinphosmethy (Guthion) on potato     

J. T. Schulz 《American Journal of Potato Research》1968,45(8):279-286

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Persorption of vegetable food particles     

G. Volkheimer  F. H. Schulz 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1968,17(1):17-30

Summary In the normal process of digestion, not only substances in solution are absorbed. Solid, undissolved food particles, in macrocorpuscular form, are regularly kneaded into the mucosa during their passage through the digestive tract. They pass between the epithelial cells into the subepithelial layer. From here, they are transmitted both by the lymph vessels and by the mesenteric veins into the circulation, where they remain for a considerable time.This process was discovered in 1844 by the Göttingen physiologistHerbst, and later confirmed by others, but was generally considered an impossible and therefore untenable theory, since the passage of such large particles through the mucous membrane does not fit our conception of the physiological mechanism of absorption. We have investigated this phenomenon in detail in recent years with the help of a large team of colleagues under the general heading of persorption. For these investigations, we used among other things starch granules as models, as the starch granule possesses outstanding qualities on the one hand for administration and on the other for demonstration in body fluids and tissues.The mechanism of passage through the epithelial cell layer has been reconstructed, and transportation through the intestinal membrane investigated. Quantitative observations of the number of persorbed starch granules in the blood were made. It was found that within a few minutes of the consumption of rolled oats, wheat flakes, whole-meal, or of the same amount of starch in the form of potato- or corn-starch, numerous unchanged starch granules can be demonstrated in the blood. A prerequisite for this mechanism is the persorbability of the starch granules, which is limited by the size and consistency of the uncooked starch granules. Persorption was observed up to a diameter of 110 microns. The persorbability of starch granules may be recognized by their polarizing capacity.Numerous foods when ready to eat contain masses of such persorbable starch granules. In particular, they are present in cereals in flake form (rolled oats, wheat flakes) in whole-meal, in crisp-bread, also in short-bread pastries, biscuits and cakes in which no milk or water is used in the preparation. Dry heat does not affect the persorbability of starch granules. Boiled starch granules lose their persorbability.The mechanism of transportation of persorbed starch granules in the body, deposition as micro-emboli in the lumen of the minute vessels, and elimination from the vascular system were also studied. Phagocytosis of small starch granules (e.g. rice) by leukocytes was observed. Alterations in the vascular system of animals, due to such granules which had been persorbed or had entered the circulation, were also seen.Other particles of vegetable origin can also be persorbed. The phenomenon of persorption was also demonstrated in man and animals with cellulose particles, pollen, spores, fragments of plant hairs. Yeast cells are found in the chyle, blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid after oral administration.

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Zusammenfassung Beim normalen Verdauungsvorgang werden auch feste, ungelöste Nahrungspartikel in großkorpuskulärer Form mit konstanter Regelmäßigkeit während ihrer Passage durch den Verdauungstrakt in die Schleimhaut eingeknetet. Sie gelangen zwischen den Epithelzellen hindurch in die Region unterhalb der Epithelzellschicht. Von dort werden sie in den Blutkreislauf eingeschleust, in welchem sie über längere Zeit zirkulieren.Mit einem großen Team von Mitarbeitern haben wir in den letzten Jahren dieses Phänomen unter dem Arbeitstitel Persorption eingehender untersucht. Bei diesen Untersuchungen bedienten wir uns unter anderem der Stärkekörner als Modellkörper, weil das Stärkekorn ausgezeichnete Qualitäten für die Applikation einerseits, sowie für den Nachweis in Körperflüssigkeiten und im Gewebe andererseits besitzt.Auch andere Partikel pflanzlicher Herkunft können persorbiert werden. Mit Zellulose-Partikeln, Pollen, Sporen, Bruckstücken von Pflanzenhaaren wurde das Phänomen der Persorption sowohl tierexperimentell als auch am Menschen nachgewiesen. Hefezellen werden nach oraler Applikation ebenfalls im Chylus, im Blut, im Harn, im Liquor cerebrospinalis gefunden.Die Mechanismen für den Durchtritt solcher Partikel durch die Epithelzellschicht konnten rekonstruiert werden. Der Transport durch die Darmschleimhaut wurde untersucht. Quantitative Beobachtungen über die Anzahl der persorbierten Partikel im Blut wurden angestellt. Hierbei zeigte sich, daß bereits wenige Minuten nach Einnahme von Haferflocken, Weizenflocken, Weizenschrot, oder auch der gleichen Gewichtsmenge Stärke (Mais, Kartoffel), zahlreiche Stärkekörner in unveränderter Form im Blut nachweisbar sind. Vorbedingung für diesen Mechanismus ist die Persorptionsfähigkeit dieser Partikel, welche durch die Größe und den Härtegrad der Partikel begrenzt ist. Die Persorptionsfähigkeit von Stärkekörnern ist an der erhaltenen Polarisationsfähigkeit erkennbar.Zahlreiche speisefertige Nahrungsmittel enthalten massenhaft solche persorptionsfähigen Stärkekörner. Insbesondere sind sie in Cerealien in Flockenform (Haferflocken, Weizenflocken), in Weizenschrot, in Knäckebrot, sowie in Gebäcken mit Mürbteigcharakter, Keksen, Biskuits, und in Kuchensorten, welche ohne Verwendung von Wasser, bzw. Milch hergestellt werden, vorhanden. Die Trockenerhitzung verändert die Persorptionsfähigkeit von Stärkekörnern nicht. Gekochte Stärkekörner verlieren ihre Persorptionsfähigkeit.Es wurden ferner die Transportmechanismen von persorbierten Stärkekörnern im Organismus, ihre Deponierung als Mikro-Emboli im Lumen kleinster Gefäße, sowie die Eliminationsmechanismen aus dem Gefäßsystem untersucht. Eine Phagocytose kleinster Stärkekörner (z.B. Reis) konnte durch Leukozyten beobachtet werden. Außerdem wurden tierexperimentell Veränderungen am Gefäßsystem durch solche persorbierte, bzw. in den Blutkreislauf eingebrachte Stärkekörner beobachtet.

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Résumé Les aliments résorbés dans le cadre du processus physiologique de digestion ne sont pas tous solubilisés. Des particules de nourriture solides, se présentant sous la forme de gros corpuscules, vont également se nicher avec régularité dans la muqueuse du tractus digestif. Se frayant un chemin entre les cellules épithéliales, ils pénètrent souls la couche épithéliale. Repris par le système lymphatique et les veines mésentériques, ils sont finalement déversés dans la circulation sanguine où ils se maintiennent relativement longtemps.Découvert en 1844 par le physiologisteHerbst et confirmé plus tard par d'autres auteurs, ce processus fut généralement mis en doute parce que le passage de la muqueuse intestinale par des particules solides aussi volumineuses est contraire à l'idée que l'on se fait communément des mécanismes physiologiques de la résorption. Avec une equipe nombreuse de collaborateurs, nous avons, ces dernières années, étudié de plus près ce phénomène que nous nommons la persorption. Nous prîmes pour modèle les granules d'amidon qui se laissent particulièrement bien mettre en évidence dans les humeurs et les tissus.Le mécanisme du passage de la couche des cellules épithéliales a ainsi pu être reconstitué. Nous avons en outre étudié le transport à travers la muqueuse intestinale et établi la quantité des granules d'amidon passant dans le sang. On observe notamment des granules d'amidon intacts dans le sang quelques minutes déjà après l'absorption de flocons d'avoine ou de froment ou d'une quantité équivalente d'amidon (maïs, pommes de terre). La persorbabilité des granules d'amidon est évidemment limitée par leur taille et leur dureté à l'état cru. Au-delà de 110 microns de diamètre, ils ne sont plus persorbés. La persorbabilité des granules d'amidon se reconnaît au maintien de leur faculté de polarisation.Beaucoup d'aliments prêts à la consommation contiennent une foison de granules d'amidon persorbables, à savoir les céréales sous forme de flocons d'avoine ou de froment, le Knäckebrot, les gâteaux secs, cakes, biscuits et gateaux préparés sans eau ni lait. L'échauffement à sec ne modifie pas la persorbabilité des granules d'amidon tandis que la cuisson la détruit.Nous avons étudié également les mécanismes de transport des granules d'amidon persorbés dans l'organisme, leur dépôt sous forme de micro-embolus dans la lumière des plus fins vaisseaux ainsi que leur élimination du système vasculaire. Les granules particulièrement petits (par exemple dans le riz) sont phagocytés par les leucocytes. Chez l'animal de laboratoire, on a pu observer des modifications vasculaires provoquées par des granules d'amidon ayant pénétré dans la voie sanguine.Le phénomène de la persorption a également été constaté chez l'homme et chez l'animal avec des particules de cellulose, du pollen, des spores et des fragments de poils végétaux. On retrouve également des cellules de levure après application orale dans le chyle, le sang, l'urine et le liquide cérébrospinal.

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With the technical assistance ofHannelore Wendlandt, Ursula Kiessling, Christa Krone.  相似文献   

Carbon accumulation in a bare fallow Chernozem soil with high carbon input rates     

Uwe Franko  Elke Schulz 《European Journal of Soil Science》2021,72(1):265-273

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Multilocus sequence typing detects new Piscirickettsia salmonis hybrid genogroup in Chilean fish farms: Evidence for genetic diversity and population structure     

Adolfo Isla  Mnica Saldarriaga‐Crdoba  Derie E. Fuentes  Romina Albornoz  Denise Haussmann  Jorge Mancilla‐Schulz  Alexis Martínez  Jaime Figueroa  Ruben Avendao‐Herrera  Alejandro Yez 《Journal of fish diseases》2019,42(5):721-737

Piscirickettsia salmonisis the causative bacterial pathogen of piscirickettsiosis, a salmonid disease that causes notable mortalities in the worldwide aquaculture industry. Published research describes the phenotypic traits, virulence factors, pathogenicity and antibiotic‐resistance potential for various P. salmonisstrains. However, evolutionary and genetic information is scarce for P. salmonis. The present study used multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to gain insight into the population structure and evolution of P. salmonis. Forty‐two Chilean P. salmonisisolates, as well as the type strain LF‐89^T, were recovered from diseased Salmo salar, Oncorhynchus kisutchand Oncorhynchus mykissfrom two Chilean Regions. MLST assessed the loci sequences of dnaK, efp, fumC, glyA, murG, rpoD and trpB. Bioinformatics analyses established the genetic diversity among P. salmonis isolates (H = 0.5810). A total of 23 sequence types (ST) were identified, 53.48% of which were represented by ST1, ST5 and ST2. Population structure analysis through polymorphism patterns showed few polymorphic sites (218 nucleotides from 4,010 bp), while dN/dS ratio analysis indicated purifying selection for dnaK, epf, fumC, murG, and rpoD but neutral selection for the trpB loci. The standardized index of association indicated strong linkage disequilibrium, suggesting clonal population structure. However, recombination events were detected in a group of seven isolates. Findings included genogroups homologous to the LF‐89^T and EM‐90 strains, as well as a seven‐isolate hybrid genogroup recovered from both assessed regions (three O. mykiss and four S. salar isolates). The presented MLST scheme has comparative potential, with promising applications in studying distinct P. salmonis isolates (e.g., from different hosts, farms, geographical areas) and in understanding the epidemiology of this pathogen.  相似文献   

Analysing the growth of turbot (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Psetta maxima</Emphasis>) in a commercial recirculation system with the use of three different growth models     

A. Baer  C. Schulz  I. Traulsen  J. Krieter 《Aquaculture International》2011,19(3):497-511

The growth data of a commercial aquaculture recirculation system were analysed to investigate the growth performance of reared turbot (Psetta maxima). Three common growth models (von Bertalanffy, Gompertz and Schnute) were fitted to the growth data documented over a time period of 6 years. To determine the most suitable model, three different criteria were used: (1) the Akaike index criterion, (2) the sum of squared residuals and (3) the average daily deviation between the estimated final weight and the observed final weight. The evaluation of the growth models showed that the Schnute model had the lowest Akaike index, the lowest sum of squared residuals and the lowest daily deviation between estimated and real weight of all tested growth models. The Schnute model produced sigmoid growth curves. The estimated growth coefficients were the most realistic ones in regard to biological interpretation. In contrast, the von Bertalanffy growth model and the Gompertz model estimated inaccurate exponential growth curves and are therefore unable to simulate the growth data as well as the Schnute model. The results indicate that the von Bertalanffy growth model is not the optimal model to simulate the present growth data and that the growth potential of reared turbot has probably not yet been fully exploited in the aquaculture system(s) examined (so far).  相似文献   

Spermatogenesis and its endocrine regulation   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2  

Rüdiger W. Schulz  Takeshi Miura 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2002,26(1):43-56

Three major phases compose spermatogenesis: mitotic proliferation of spermatogonia, meiosis of spermatocytes, and spermiogenesis, the restructuring of spermatids into flagellated spermatozoa. The process is fuelled by stem cells that, when dividing, either self-renew or produce spermatogonia that are committed to proliferation, meiosis, and spermiogenesis. During all phases, germ cells are in close contact with and require the structural and functional support of Sertoli cells. In contrast to germ cells, these somatic cells express receptors for sex steroids and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), the most important hormones that regulate spermatogenesis. A typical Sertoli cell response to an endocrine stimulus would be to change the release of a growth factor that would then mediate the hormone's effect to the germ cells. Recent studies in the Japanese eel have shown, for example, that in the absence of gonadotropin Sertoli cells produce a growth factor (an orthologue of anti-Müllerian hormone) that restricts stem cell divisions to the self-renewal pathway; also estrogens stimulate stem cell renewal divisions but not spermatogonial proliferation. Gonadotropin or 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) stimulation, however, induces spermatogonial proliferation, which is in part mimicked by another Sertoli cell-derived growth factor (activin B). Since FSH (besides luteinizing hormone, LH) stimulates steroidogenesis in fish, and since FSH is the only gonadotropin detected in the plasma of sexually immature salmonids, increased FSH signalling may be sufficient to initiate spermatogenesis by activating both Sertoli cell functions and 11-KT production. Another important androgen is testosterone (T), which seems to act via feedback mechanisms that can compromise FSH-dependent signalling or steroidogenesis. The testicular production of T and 11-KT therefore needs to be balanced adequately. Further research is required to elucidate in what way(s) 11-KT stimulates later stages of development, such as entry into meiosis and spermiogenesis. At this period, LH becomes increasingly important for the regulation of androgen production. Results from mammalian models suggest that during the later phases, the control of germ cell apoptosis via Sertoli cell factors is an important regulatory mechanism. In many species, sperm cells cannot fertilize eggs until having passed a maturation process known as capacitation, which includes the acquisition of motility. Progestins that are produced under the influence of LH appear to play an important role in this context, which involves the control of the composition of the seminal plasma (e.g., pH values). This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献