Understory dynamics after disturbance accelerate succession from spruce to beech-dominated forest—the Siggaboda case study     

Andreas Bolte  Lutz Hilbrig  Britt Maria Grundmann  Andreas Roloff 《Annals of Forest Science》2014,71(2):139-147

??Context

It is assumed that climate change will favour European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) to Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) at its northern range margins due to climate change and induced disturbance events.

??Aims

An old-growth mixed forest of spruce and beech, situated near the northern beech margin, was studied to reveal effects of disturbances and response processes on natural forest dynamics, focussing on the understory.

??Methods

We carried out analyses on understory dynamics of beech and spruce in relation to overstory release. This was done based on a sequence of stand and tree vitality inventories after a series of abiotic and biotic disturbances.

??Results

It became apparent that beech (understory) has a larger adaptive capacity to disturbance impacts and overstory release (68 % standing volume loss) than spruce. Understory dynamics can play a key role for forest succession from spruce to beech-dominated forests. Disturbances display an acceleration effect on forest succession in the face of climate change.

??Conclusion

Beech is poised strategically to replace spruce as the dominant tree species at the study area. Due to an increasing productivity and a lower risk of stand failure, beech may raise into the focus of forestry in southern Sweden.  相似文献   

The tetrasporophyte of Asparagopsis armata as a novel seaweed biofilter     

Andreas Schuenhoff  Leonardo Mata  Rui Santos 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2006,252(1):3-11

The red seaweed Asparagopsis armata (Harvey; Rhodophytae, Bonnemaisoniaceae) produces biologically active secondary metabolites that are valuable natural ingredients for cosmetics and medicine and its cultivation may therefore be a profitable venture. The tetrasporophyte of this species (“Falkenbergia rufolanosa”) was successfully tank-cultivated as a continuous biofilter for the effluent of a commercial fish farm in southern Portugal. Optimal stocking density for highest biomass yield and a low level of other algal species in winter and late spring was 5×g centrifuged fresh weight l^− 1. The effect of total ammonia nitrogen supply (TAN flux) on biofiltration and biomass yield was investigated in winter and spring. Results revealed that A. armata is currently the seaweed-biofilter with the highest TAN removal of up to 90 μmol l^− 1 h^− 1 at a TAN flux of about 500 μmol l^− 1 h^− 1. In the tanks used, this is equivalent to a removal of up to 14.5 g TAN m^− 2 day^− 1. At a lower TAN flux of about 40 μmol l^− 1 h^− 1, TAN removal by A. armata is more than double to what is reported at this flux for another successful seaweed biofilter, the genus Ulva. Monthly variation of A. armata biomass yield peaked in May and was lowest in January. At TAN fluxes between 300 and 400 μmol l^− 1 h^− 1, an average water temperature of 21.7 °C and a total daily photon flux density of 47 Mol m^− 2, seaweed yield was over 100 g DW m^− 2 day^− 1 with a recorded maximum of 119 g. During spring, autumn and early summer, the biomass of A. armata within the experimental tanks doubled every week. A model for the up scaling of this finfish integrated aquaculture of A. armata varies the investment in biofilter surface area and estimates the return in biofiltration and biomass yield. Highest TAN removal efficiencies will only be possible at low TAN fluxes and a very large biofilter area, resulting in a low production of biomass per unit area. To remove 50% of TAN from the effluent (1 mt Sparus aurata; 21 °C), 28 m² of biofilter, designed to support a water turnover rate of 0.8 Vol h^− 1 would be necessary. This system produces 6.1 kg FW (1.5 kg DW) of A. armata per day and has the potential to turn biofiltration into an economically sustained, beneficial side effect.  相似文献   

Effects of stand patchiness due to windthrow and bark beetle abatement measures on soil CO2 efflux and net ecosystem productivity of a managed temperate mountain forest     

Johannes Kobler  Robert Jandl  Thomas Dirnböck  Michael Mirtl  Andreas Schindlbacher 《European Journal of Forest Research》2015,134(4):683-692

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Ammonium fertilization increases pearl millet yield by promoting early root growth,higher tillering,and water use during grain filling in a low P Sahelian soil     

Francesca Beggi  Vincent Vadez  Andreas Buerkert 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2021,184(1):123-131

Background : Adaptation of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] to low soil phosphorus (P) at early seedling stages and efficient P fertilizer application are crucial for its survival in the West African Sahel. While addition of ${\mathrm{NH}}_4^{+}\text{-}N$ to P in the microdose technique has been reported to stimulate early growth of pearl millet, there is little information regarding root length (RL) at different timings. Aims : Our study aimed at assessing the effects of added ${\mathrm{NH}}_4^{+}\text{-}N$ and ${\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}\text{-}N$ to P on (1) pearl millet agronomic traits such as root and shoot growth and (2) the water use dynamics during the cropping cycle. Methods : Twenty‐four “RhizoTubes” filled with P‐deficient soil were used to grow pearl millet under three treatments: (T1) placed P addition alone at 0.4 g per seed hole, P_placed, (T2) P_placed + ${\mathrm{NH}}_4^{+}\text{-}N$, and (T3) P_placed + ${\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}\text{-}N$. At 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks after sowing (WAS) we took non‐destructive measurements of RL. Water use (transpiration) was measured from 3.5 to 9 WAS. Results : At early growth, roots in the topsoil of T2 were longer than T3 and T1 roots (at 4 WAS: 129.3 cm for T2, 87.5 cm for T3, and 93.3 cm for T1, p < 0.05). Total RL at 2 WAS correlated positively with seedling height and final grain yield. Fertilization with ${\mathrm{NH}}_4^{+}\text{-}N$ reduced the time to flowering and increased the number of tillers and grain yield, whereas addition of ${\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}\text{-}N$ increased vegetative dry matter at harvest and water use efficiency. Conclusions : Our findings suggest that fertilization with ${\mathrm{NH}}_4^{+}\text{-}N$ plays a critical root stimulating role at early growth stages, seemingly by increasing lateral root initiation, which carries through to a larger water use during grain filling and higher grain yield.  相似文献   

Comparing 1H‐NMR imaging and relaxation mapping of German white asparagus from five different cultivation sites     

Marion I. Menzel  Ana‐Maria Oros‐Peusquens  Andreas Pohlmeier  N. Jon Shah  Ulrich Schurr  Heike U. Schneider 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2007,170(1):24-38

Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and complementary analytical techniques were used to address the question whether white asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) from different cultivation sites in Germany can be distinguished on the basis of NMR relaxation times. Five locations with contrasting soil properties and composition within the two asparagus‐cultivation regions Rhineland and Lower Franconia were selected for this project. For the first time, entire asparagus plants in their authentic soil environment excavated directly from the original harvest site were imaged by the NMR technique. However, they could not be employed for determination of relaxation times of spears in situ, because of artifacts arising from soil properties. Instead, market‐ready asparagus spears and freshly prepared spear saps from the five locations were used to acquire MRI data sets with different (slow and fast) imaging methods and to compute spatially resolved distributions (maps) of T₁, T₂, and T₂* relaxation times. Comparison of the data for pith, vascular tissue, and peel of the spears yielded only marginal, if any, differences in T₁, T₂, and T₂* between the specimens from the five locations, which were not sufficient for an unambiguous region‐related distinction. More pronounced differences in T₁, T₂, and T₂* were visible for the spear saps, allowing a clear distinction between individual specimens for each of the two cultivation regions. The results are discussed in terms of an application potential for correlated NMR relaxation times of tissue saps for future geographic authentication of agricultural produces.  相似文献   

History, origin and extent of soil erosion on Easter Island (Rapa Nui)   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

Andreas Mieth  Hans-Rudolf Bork 《CATENA》2005,63(2-3):244

The isolated Easter Island (Rapa Nui) is an outstanding example of land degradation caused by land use in a sensitive ecosystem. The focus of the investigation was placed on Poike peninsula, the most eastern part of Rapa Nui. While Poike peninsula was once supplied with fertile soils, in large areas desertification takes place today. Detailed analysis of soil profiles allowed the reconstruction of the history and of causes and effects of soil erosion and gullying in the context of land use history and cultural evolution. The results of the stratigraphic analysis prove that from the beginning of human settlement around AD 300/600 until AD 1280 the agriculture on Poike peninsula was characterised by sustainable land use and a traditional type of agro-forestry. Soil erosion was not significant. At around AD 1280 the woodland on Poike, dominated by the endemic palm Jubaea sp., was cleared by slashing and burning. Intensive farming on the upper slopes of the volcanic peninsula resulted in sheet erosion lasting until the 20th century. Settlements and ceremonial places which were built around AD 1300 on downslope areas were buried soon by sediments. Agriculture ceased around AD 1400 on downslope areas as the fertile soils were completely eroded. From AD 1400 until the late 19th century sheet erosion and the accumulation of fine-layered sediments migrated upslope. On average 8.6 Mg of soil per hectare and per year were reworked by erosion (eroded and accumulated within the catchment). Gullying began on Rapa Nui with the sudden increase in the number of sheep during the early 20th century. Gullies are still developing on the island and their ongoing enlargement created extended badlands on Poike which pose a significant problem for ecological and archaeological conservation strategies. Gullying rates exceed 190 Mg ha^{− 1} y^{− 1}.  相似文献   

Qualitative determination of specific protein glycation products by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry Peptide mapping     

Humeny A  Kislinger T  Becker CM  Pischetsrieder M 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(7):2153-2160

The nonenzymatic reaction between reducing sugars and proteins, known as the Maillard reaction, has received increased recognition from nutritional science and medical research. The development of new analytical techniques for the detection of protein-bound Maillard products is therefore crucial. In this study, we applied peptide mapping by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry to investigate the formation of structurally specific Maillard products on glycated lysozyme (AGE-lysozyme), produced upon incubation with D-glucose. In parallel, we synthesized N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine-modified lysozyme (CML-lysozyme) and N(epsilon)-(carboxyethyl)lysine-modified lysozyme, two well-described glycation products, as model substances. 3-Deoxyglucosone-modified lysozyme and methylglyoxal-modified lysozyme were prepared as examples of glycation products incubated with dicarbonyl compounds. We were able to detect specific modifications on AGE-lysozyme, which were assigned to CML, imidazolone A, and the Amadori product.  相似文献   

Zur Frage der Unterflursicherung nichtstationärer Stallmistzwischenlagerung mit Bentonit oder Stroh     

Thomas Dewes  Andreas Petersen  Liliane Schmitt 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1996,159(4):337-342

On the Problem of Protecting the Base Area beneath intermediate manure Storage Piles on Non-Permanent Sites with Bentonite or Straw The suitability of bentonite and straw as materials for protecting the soil against the infiltration of leached nutrients was testet on an intermediate storage pile of cattle manure established during the winter months of 93/94. During the 185-day storage period, 205 g of N_t (68% in the form of NH₄⁺) and 695 g K⁺/m³ were leached out of the manure. These nutrients seeped away into the soil, but with increasing depth, the concentrations of NH₄⁺-N and K⁺ in the soil water dropped while those of NO₃^? rose not to harmful levels. Under the test piles whose base areas had been protected with bentonite, the concentrations of NH₄⁺-N and K⁺ in the soil water were in all cases significantly lower than under the test piles with straw base or no base protection. Both cations were to a large degree absorbed by the bentonite layer, and thus were readily available for recycling. The N_min content in particular was reduced in the soil beneath the straw layer. One possible explanation for this fact is that nitrogen was reincorporated by microorganisms due to the plentiful supply of carbon.  相似文献   

Adsorptionsdichte-Isothermen von Schwermetallen und ihre ökologische Bedeutung     

Andreas Schulte  Fritz Beese 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1994,157(4):295-303

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Interactions Between Benthic Phosphorus Release and Sulfur Cycling in Lake Scharmützelsee (Germany)     

Andreas Kleeberg 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1997,99(1-4):391-399

Sulfur (S) conversions were determined during summer stratification in 1995/96 to assess the extent to which benthic release of phosphorus (P) is influenced by the S cycling in eutrophic, dimictic, sulfate-rich (61.33 ± 10.41 mg SO42- l-1) freshwater Lake Schamützelsee. Hypolimnetic SO42- reduction (4.56 ± 0.73 g (S) m-2 d-1) forming ΣH2S (44.71 ± 17.57 mg ΣH2S m-2 d-1), leading to iron sulfide precipitation (5.62 ± 1.72 mg FeS m-2 d-1) and dissolved iron depletion in the hypolimnion has a major influence on benthic P mobilization and release. The most important inorganic S pool is the CRS (FeS2 + S° + H2S; 15.1 % total S), being 1.3 to 6.6 times higher than the AVS (FeS + H2S) in the uppermost 0 - 8 cm sediment. This diminishes the ability of the sediment to bind P (indicated by 14.6 % loosely bound P (NH4Cl-P) and an exhaustion of the redox-sensitive P (BD-P)), leading to interstitial water P concentrations up to 10.8 mg l-1 and P release rates of 2.64 ± 0.56 mg P m-2 d-1. As a consequence the P content of the lake increased fourfold within 58 days.  相似文献