Factors related to cattle infestation level and resistance to acaricides in Boophilus microplus tick populations in New Caledonia     

Bianchi MW  Barré N  Messad S 《Veterinary parasitology》2003,112(1-2):75-89

Boophilus microplus, even in the absence of babesiosis, is a major disease of the cattle in New Caledonia where the particular farming system associates continental European breeds and a tropical climate tempered by the Pacific Ocean. In order to have a better understanding of the factors involved in cattle tick infestation, to decrease the possible wastage and use of chemicals and to increase the lifetime of the acaricides, the veterinary authorities investigated the conditions of the chemical treatments. A survey among 148 cattle farms of the whole of New Caledonia was carried out and factors that explain the development of tick resistance and cattle infestation have been determined. From this survey, three typologies for the main characteristics of the farms have been set up, the technical practices of the farmers and the tick control measures applied by the farmers, respectively. Some variables are significantly associated with the tick resistance to deltamethrin but their contribution to the explanation model is always moderate: farms in the south, with a positive resistance gradient from east to west, absence of bush fire and membership to a cattle farmers organization. The more the farmers have intensified their breeding-male castration, weaning, heifer separation, drenching, etc.-and pasture-high stock rate, mowing, extra feeding of the cows, many paddocks, etc.-techniques, the higher was the probability for the ticks in their farm to be resistant to deltamethrin. The technical details of the acaricide treatment had a low contribution to the explanation model. However, the use of a spray generated more resistance than a dip. Furthermore, there is a negative resistance gradient when the farmers increased the treatment interval average. Considering infestation, none of the variables from the three typologies were associated with the two infestation variables (1: semi-engorged tick females and 2: other ticks) at the herd level. However, the seven studied variables-the three typologies, breed, age, body condition score and breeding status-affected significantly the two infestation variables at the cow level, but their predictive ability remained very low (R(2)<3.5%). This result-individual effect more important than herd effect on the infestation-is confirmed by the importance of the variance of the intra-farm factors (99%) when compared with inter-farm factors (1%). Cows of Charolais breed, in poor body condition, old, pregnant or lactating, and those of the farms with irrational and high pressure control of ticks are the most infested.  相似文献   

3-D ultrastructural distribution of collagen in human placental villi at term in relation to vascular tree     

Vizza E  Correr S  Barberini F  Heyn R  Bianchi S  Macchiarelli G 《The Journal of reproduction and development》2005,51(4):433-443

In order to understand the 3-D distribution of collagen in relation to vascularization, chorionic villi of human placentae, belonging to normal pregnancies at term, were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after alkali maceration techniques, and by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The villous tree appeared made of an uninterrupted structure of collagen fibres. The collagen fibres connected the chorionic villi axis with their basal plates and organised differently according to the various levels of villous branching. The collagen of stem villi showed copious fibres. The external fibres (facing the villous surface) were arranged mainly longitudinally. The central core of the villi (inner fibres) were arranged concentrically around the wall of the fetal vessels. Both external and internal fibres formed stratified lamellae or small parallel bundles. The inner core of stem villi showed small holes housing capillary spaces. Mature intermediate and terminal villi showed a scarce amount of collagen arranged in thin concentric layer within the villous core, surrounding numerous dilated capillary and sinusoid spaces.These observations demonstrated that the extracellular matrix of human chorionic villi is highly compartmentalised and shows a variable structural 3-D distribution depending on the branching level of the villous tree, such a distribution ensures the most favourable microenvironment for feto-maternal exchanges and it is likely able to provide a modulated support to the developing chorionic fetal vessels and trophoblastic layer as well.  相似文献   

The influence of a water-in-oil emulsion on humoral immunity   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

B A Bokhout  A T Bianchi  P J van der Heijden  J W Scholten  W Stok 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》1986,9(2-3):161-168

A strategy for research of immunostimulants is best served choosing a way by which the immune response can be studied without being complicated by a combination of effects originating both in adjuvant and antigen. This means that adjuvant and antigen preferably are applied with an interval and by different routes. In our model an adjuvant (a W/O emulsion) was applied intraperitoneally, whereas the antigen was injected intravenously. The stimulatory effect on the splenic plaque forming B-cell response depended on the dose of antigen, on the interval between adjuvant and antigen application, on the mouse strain used, and on the quality of the antigen with respect to the intrinsic adjuvanticity of the antigens.  相似文献   

Vaccine-induced T cell-mediated immunity plays a critical role in early protection against pseudorabies virus (suid herpes virus type 1) infection in pigs     

van Rooij EM  de Bruin MG  de Visser YE  Middel WG  Boersma WJ  Bianchi AT 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2004,99(1-2):113-125

The aim of our study was to evaluate the relative importance of antibody and T cell-mediated immunity in protection against pseudorabies virus (suid herpes virus type 1) infection in pigs. We induced different levels of immune responses by using: (1) a modified live vaccine; (2) the same modified live vaccine with an oil-in-water (o/w) adjuvant; (3) an inactivated vaccine; and (4) the same inactivated vaccine with an o/w adjuvant. Subsequently, we challenged pigs with virulent pseudorabies virus (PRV). We demonstrated that best-protected pigs stood out by maintaining strong T cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses after challenge. Of the immune parameters tested, protection against virus shedding was correlated best with the magnitude of the IFN-gamma response of in vitro re-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with an additional role for PRV-specific IgG2 antibodies. The use of an o/w adjuvant resulted in higher antibody and CMI responses, in particular with an increased frequency of memory T helper blast cells of in vitro re-stimulated PBMC. However, this adjuvant-induced enhancement of the immune response had a limited additional effect on the efficacy of inactivated vaccines. This study suggests a major contribution of the CMI response in early protection against PRV infection and that PRV-induced IFN-gamma responses may serve as a suitable indicator for assessing the immune status of vaccinated pigs.  相似文献   

Isozyme variation of Hordeum murinum in Switzerland and test of hybridization with cultivated barley     

D Savova Bianchi  J Keller Senften  & F Felber 《Weed Research》2002,42(4):325-333

Summary Variability between and within spontaneous populations of Hordeum murinum in Switzerland was studied by enzyme electrophoresis. Most of the variation (61.5%) occurred within populations, while 38.5% occurred between populations. Absence of cleistogamy was observed. The results suggest evidence for a mixed mating system in H. murinum . Isozyme diagnostic bands for H. murinum and cultivated barley were established, allowing the detection of putative hybrids between them. No hybrids were obtained after performing experimental hybridization in the field and in the greenhouse. None was detected in the progeny of H. murinum growing in spontaneous contact zones either, confirming the existence of strong genetic barriers against hybridization. Our results are discussed in the context of the risk of transgene escape, associated with the cultivation of transgenic crops.  相似文献   

Detection of antigenic heterogeneity in feline coronavirus nucleocapsid in feline pyogranulomatous meningoencephalitis     

Poncelet L  Coppens A  Peeters D  Bianchi E  Grant CK  Kadhim H 《Veterinary pathology》2008,45(2):140-153

A new monoclonal antibody (mAb), CCV2-2, was compared with the widely used FIPV3-70 mAb, both directed against canine coronavirus (CCoV), as a diagnostic and research tool. Western blot showed that both anti-CCoV mAbs only reacted with a protein of 50 kD, a weight consistent with the feline coronavirus (FCoV) viral nucleocapsid. A competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that the 2 recognized epitopes are distinct. Preincubation of CCV2-2 mAb with FCoV antigen suppressed the immunostaining. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections from brains of 15 cats with the dry form of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) were examined by immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemistry was performed with both anti-CCoV mAbs, either on consecutive or on the same sections. A myeloid-histiocytic marker, MAC 387, was also used to identify FIP virus-infected cells. In all regions where MAC 387-positive cells were present, positive staining with the CCV2-2 mAb was systematically detected, except at some levels in 1 cat. In contrast, none or only a few cells were positive for the FIPV3-70 mAb. Double immunostaining showed macrophages that were immunopositive for either CCV2-2 alone or alternatively for CCV2-2 and FIPV3-70 mAbs. This reveals the coexistence of 2 cohorts of phagocytes whose FIP viral contents differed by the presence or absence of the FIPV3-70-recognized epitope. These findings provide evidence for antigenic heterogeneity in coronavirus nucleocapsid protein in FIP lesions, a result that is in line with molecular observations. In addition, we provide for the first time morphologic depiction of viral variants distribution in these lesions.  相似文献   

Pathological and microbiological characterization of mastitis in dairy cows     

Bianchi  Ronaldo M.  Schwertz  Claiton I.  de Cecco  Bianca S.  Panziera  Welden  De Lorenzo  Cíntia  Heck  Lilian C.  Snel  Gustavo G. M.  Lopes  Bruna C.  da Silva  Fernando S.  Pavarini  Saulo P.  Driemeier  David 《Tropical animal health and production》2019,51(7):2057-2066

Mastitis may be caused by a wide range of microorganisms able to induce distinct lesions in mammary tissues. This study aims to characterize the gross and microscopic features of mastitis in dairy cows and to correlate them with the pathogens involved. The udders of slaughtered dairy cows were inspected and milk samples from each mammary quarter or fragments of the parenchyma were sent for microbiological analysis, and tissue collected for histopathological evaluation. A total of 148 cows and 592 mammary quarters were collected. From these, 432 quarters (73%) had mastitis and in 160 (27%), no changes were observed. Mastitis was classified into seven patterns based on the histopathological findings, of which mixed, lymphoplasmacytic, and suppurative mastitides were the most prevalent with 35.9% (155/432), 27.1% (117/432), and 14.3% (62/432) of the cases, respectively. These patterns were associated with the same set of pathogens: Streptococcus spp., coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS), Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, and Corynebacterium bovis. The pyogranulomatous pattern represented 7.2% (31/432) of the cases with distinct distribution based on the agent involved, mostly S. aureus and Nocardia sp. Abscedative mastitis accounted for 6.0% (26/432) of the cases; it was characterized by multiple abscesses in the parenchyma and was mainly caused by Trueperella pyogenes. Necrosuppurative mastitis represented 5.8% (25/432) of the cases which were characterized by severe parenchyma necrosis and were caused by bacteria such as CNS and Escherichia coli. The granulomatous pattern represented 3.7% (16/432) of the cases and was occasionally associated with Mycobacterium sp.

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Immunoprecipitation studies of monoclonal antibodies submitted to the Second International Swine CD Workshop     

B. Aasted  K. Gori  J. Dominguez  A. Ezquerra  R. Bullido  S. Arn  A. Bianchi  R. Binns  R. M. Chu  W. C. Davis  S. Denham  K. Haverson  K. T. Jensen  Y. B. Kim  A. Magyar  K. R. Petersen  A. Saalmü  ller  D. Sachs  C. Schü  tt  M. Shimizu  C. Stokes  T. Whittall  H. Yang  F. Zuckermann 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》1998,60(3-4):229-236

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Assessment using ELISA of the herd immunity levels induced in cattle by foot-and-mouth disease oil vaccines     

E. N. Smitsaart  M. Zanelli  I. Rivera  N. Fondevila  D. Compaired  E. Maradei  T. Bianchi  V. O''Donnell  A. A. Schudel 《Preventive veterinary medicine》1998,33(1-4):283-296

The development of a liquid-phase blocking sandwich ELISA (LPBE) to measure antibodies (Ab) produced in cattle with the O, A and C foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) types of commercial vaccines used in Argentina is described. The test was specific: 99% of naïve cattle sera (n = 130) gave titres below log₁₀ = 1.2, and none had a titre above log₁₀ = 1.5. Comparative studies with serum neutralization test (SNT) using sera from cattle which received one or more vaccine doses is reported. The overall rank correlation coefficient (Spearman's , r_s) between SNT and LPBE were highly significant (r_s > 0.67, P < 0.0001) for all vaccine strains. LBPE Ab titres on sera collected 90 days post vaccination were compared with results of cattle protection tests by applying a logistic regression. The minimum Ab titres at which 85% and 75% of the cattle were protected for each FMDV type were determined in order to interpret field Ab data in terms of protection. Application of this method allows large scale serological examinations to monitor antibody levels in vaccinated animals as an indirect indicator of the FMD control program status in the field. Its use in the evaluation of commercial batches of FMD vaccine is discussed.  相似文献   

Emphysematous pyelitis and cystitis associated with vesicoureteral reflux in a diabetic dog     

Martina Fabbi  Sabrina Manfredi  Ezio Bianchi  Giacomo Gnudi  Francesca Miduri  Antonella Volta 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2016,57(4):382-386

A 12-year-old female dog with a 3-month history of poor response to diabetes treatment had an acute worsening of symptoms, including weakness and blindness. The dog had elevated blood glucose, alkaline phosphatase and urea concentration, hyposthenuria, glycosuria, hematuria, and pyuria. Escherichia coli was isolated from the urine. Radiographs and ultrasound examination showed that the dog had unilateral emphysematous pyelitis and concurrent cystitis associated with vesicoureteral reflux.  相似文献