Insecticidal potency of novel compounds on multiple insect species of medical and veterinary importance     

Phillip E Kaufman  Rajinder S Mann  Jerry F Butler 《Pest management science》2011,67(1):26-35

BACKGROUND: Vector‐borne diseases continue to present significant threats to human, animal and plant health. Mosquitoes, houseflies, sand flies and stable flies are well‐known vectors of several human and animal pathogens. The toxicity of selected semiochemicals with molecular structures indicative of insecticidal activity was determined against these insect species with the aim of developing novel insecticides toxic to multiple insect species. RESULTS: Three semiochemicals, namely beta‐damascone, cyclemone A and melafleur, showed remarkable toxicity to three mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti L., Ae. albopictus (Skuse) and Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say, the housefly, Musca domestica L., the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L., and the sand fly, Lutzomyia shannoni (Dyar). The chemicals were equally toxic to several field‐collected permethrin‐tolerant housefly strains. When formulated as 500 mL L^?1 emulsifiable concentrates, the chemicals demonstrated stability and toxicity on filter paper and camouflage military fabrics, with persistence up to 8 days under laboratory conditions. The chemicals were equally effective under field conditions when evaluated on unpainted plywood panels, although a higher dosage was required under field conditions to achieve similar efficacy. CONCLUSION: Laboratory quantification of LC₅₀ values and field efficacy of three semiochemicals as formulated compounds on mosquitoes, houseflies, stable flies and sand flies showed that these semiochemicals could serve as potent insecticides for multiple insect species. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

The performance of a thermometer screen on an automatic weather station     

N.D.S Huband  S.C King  M.W Huxley  D.R Butler 《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》1984,33(2-3)

The performance of a Didcot-type thermometer screen on an Automatic Weather Station and a conventional Stevenson screen were compared, both with each other and against an aspirated Assmann psychrometer. Maximum temperature in the Didcot screen exceeded the conventional screen maximum by up to 1 K on calm, sunny days, and Didcot minimum temperatures were as much as 1.5 K less than the screen minima on still, clear nights; mean temperature discrepancies between screens were + 0.3 and − 0.4 K for maxima and minima, respectively. The apparent psychrometric constant for the Didcot screen was 1.0 mbar K⁻¹ which increased to 1.2 mbar K⁻¹ when u < 2 m s⁻¹ in contrast to the value of 0.799 mbar K⁻¹ frequently used for the Stevenson screen.  相似文献   

Turf-banked terrace treads and risers, turf exfoliation and possible relationships with advancing treeline   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

David R. Butler  George P. Malanson  Lynn M. Resler 《CATENA》2004,58(3):167

Fine-scale geomorphic/pedogenic processes at alpine treeline may facilitate the initial stages of conifer invasion of alpine tundra. Turf-banked terraces and turf exfoliation associated with solifluction may provide both the topographic protection and the seedbed necessary for conifer establishment above treeline. The morphometry, stoniness and surface penetrability of turf-banked terraces were recorded. Whereas differences among sites exist due to topographic constraints, differences in soil penetrability depend on turf exfoliation. Exfoliated turf risers are significantly more penetrable than non-exfoliated solifluction risers and adjacent treads. These penetrable microsites provide favorable conditions for seed germination. The process of turf exfoliation may play a role in conifer advance into tundra during climatic change.  相似文献   

Growth and nitrogen fixation by Medicago littoralis in pot experiments: Effect of plant density and competition from Lolium multiflorum     

J.H.A. Butler  J.N. Ladd 《Soil biology & biochemistry》1985,17(3):355-361

The legume Medicago littoralis cv. Harbinger, was grown either alone (1–4 plants per pot) or with Lolium multiflorum (ryegrass) at a total of 4 plants per pot, using two soils of contrasting N status. An ¹⁵N dilution technique was used to distinguish the amounts of plant N due to N₂ fixation and to N uptake from soil. Medic outyielded (dry weight and total plant N) ryegrass in a soil which released low amounts of inorganic N (Roseworthy) but ryegrass outyielded medic in a soil of higher N availability (Avon).For both soils, all combinations of medic and ryegrass plants utilized 70–73% of the inorganic N released on incubation. Competition from ryegrass invariably reduced yields of dry matter, total N, and fixed N of the medic plants, especially in the Avon soil. For both soils, the percentage reduction in the amounts of fixed N resulting from competition from ryegrass was directly proportional to the percentage increase of plant dry matter due to ryegrass. Medic plants grown in Roseworthy soil contained much higher proportions of N due to N₂-fixation than did medic plants grown in Avon soil. The amounts of plant N, fixed N and plant dry weight increased with increasing numbers of medic plants, when grown alone in Roseworthy soil, but not in the Avon soil containing more than two plants per pot. Nevertheless, irrespective of the soil used, medic numbers per pot, or competition from ryegrass, the amounts of fixed N correlated well with total N and with dry matter yields of medic plants. The proportions of fixed N to total N varied consistently in each of the medic plant parts (roots < = leaves < stems < pods).  相似文献   

Production of ovine chimeras by inner cell mass transplantation   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

J E Butler  G B Anderson  R H BonDurant  R L Pashen  M C Penedo 《Journal of animal science》1987,65(1):317-324

Ovine chimeras were produced by micro-injection of isolated inner cell masses (ICM) into recipient blastocysts. Inner cell masses were isolated by immunosurgery. A total of 57 chimeric embryos was produced, 52 of which were transferred to recipient ewes. Thirty-seven live lambs were born, of which 15 were determined to be chimeric on the basis of blood type analysis. One lamb, although not a blood chimera, exhibited overt signs of chimerism. An additional six lambs were determined to have developed solely from the injected ICM. The rate of chimerism in live lambs was 43% (16/37) while the survival rate of injected ICM was 59% (22/37). The method presented allows the production of relatively large proportion of viable, chimeric embryos without the use of an intermediate recipient.  相似文献   

Jejuno- or ileocecal anastomosis performed in seven horses exhibiting colic.          下载免费PDF全文

R R Owen  P W Physick-Sheard  B J Hilbert  F D Horney    D G Butler 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》1975,16(6):164-169

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Magnesium Oxide Induced Metabolic Alkalosis in Cattle   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

T.H. Ogilvie  D.G. Butler  C.J. Gartley    I.R. Dohoo 《Canadian journal of veterinary research》1983,47(2):108-111

A study was designed to compare the metabolic alkalosis produced in cattle from the use of an antacid (magnesium oxide) and a saline cathartic (magnesium sulphate). Six, mature, normal cattle were treated orally with a magnesium oxide (MgO) product and one week later given a comparable cathartic dose of magnesium sulphate (MgSO₄).

The mean percent dry matter content of the cattle feces changed significantly (P<0.001) following administration of both MgO (15.6-8.1) and MgSO₄ (17.0-8.7) but there was no significant difference between treatments. The mean rumen pH values changed significantly (P<0.001) following administration of both MgO (7.-8.7) and MgSO₄ (7.3-8.3) but there was no significant difference between treatments. However, use of the MgO product caused a more severe (P<0.001) metabolic alkalosis as determined by base excess values. The base excess values remained elevated for 24 hours in the MgO treated group compared to only 12 hours after MgSO₄ administration. Following MgO administration, mean hydrogen ion concentration (pH), bicarbonate ion concentration ([HCO₃-]) and base excess were 7.44, 33.3 mmol/L and +8.0 respectively compared to 7.38, 27 mmol/L and +3.0 after MgSO₄.

Since the oral use of MgO in normal cattle causes a greater and more prolonged metabolic alkalosis compared to MgSO₄, MgO is contraindicated as a cathartic in normal cattle or in cattle with abomasal abnormalities characterized by pyloric obstruction and metabolic alkalosis.

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Production of sheep-goat chimeras by inner cell mass transplantation   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

V J Polzin  D L Anderson  G B Anderson  R H BonDurant  J E Butler  R L Pashen  M C Penedo  J D Rowe 《Journal of animal science》1987,65(1):325-330

Embryos were surgically flushed from goats and sheep on d 6 and 7, respectively, following the first day of estrus (d 0). After enzymatic removal of the zonae pellucidae, inner cell masses were isolated from caprine blastocysts by immunosurgery. The intact inner cell masses were injected into ovine blastocysts with the aid of a micromanipulator. Twenty-two manipulated blastocysts were surgically transferred into 12 ovine recipients. Nine ewes gave birth to a total of 13 young (59% embryo survival). Ten were classified by serum electrophoretic assays or karyotypes as lambs, one as a kid, and two as interspecific chimeras.  相似文献   

Retention of Chromium by Glass Following Treatment with Cleaning Solution     

Butler EB  Johnston WH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1954,120(3118):543-544

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The Effect of Storage on Ammonia Concentration in Canine Packed Red Blood Cells.     

Lori S. Waddell DVM  DACVECC    David E. Holt BVSC  DACVS    Dez Hughes BVSc  MRCVS  DACVECC  Urs Giger PD  DR. med. vet.  DACVIM 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2001,11(1):23-26

Objective: To determine the effect of storage on ammonia concentration in canine packed red blood cell (pRBC) units.
Design: In vitro and in vivo study.
Setting: University Veterinary Teaching Hospital.
Interventions: Ammonia concentration was measured in 7 units of canine pRBC prepared in citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD) and Adsol^a on Days 1 and 35 of storage. Ammonia was measured in 4 additional units of canine pRBC on Days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35. Plasma ammonia was also determined in 5 anemic dogs receiving pRBC.
Measurements and Main Results: Ammonia concentration increased from 73 ± 15 mmol/L (mean ± SD) on Day 1 to 800 ± 275 mmpl/L on Day (p<0.001). When measured every 7 days in 4 units of canine pRBC, ammonia concentration increased from 23 ± 8 mmol/L on Day 0 to 179 ± 13 mmol/L (Day 7), 276 ± 56 mmol/L (Day 14). 383 ± 47 mmol/L (Day21), 466 ± 30 mmol/L (Day 28), and 562 ± 27 mmol/L (Day 35) (p<0.05 for all comparisons). In a preliminary study, plasma ammonia concentration measured in blood samples from 5 anemic dogs without primary liver disease immediately before and after transfusion with 5–10 ml/kg of stored pRBC remained in the normal reference range.
Conclusions: The ammonia concentration in stored canine pRBC increased markedly with time. In this preliminary study, ammonia concentrations in dogs without primary liver disease did not increase above the reference range after transfusion with pRBC.  相似文献