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21.
Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity by 17 kinds of bicyclic monoterpenoids was investigated. Bicyclic monoterpenoids are contained in many kinds of essential oils. Inhibition of AChE was measured according to the colorimetric method. 3.1.1 and 4.1.0 bicyclic hydrocarbons with allylic methyl group showed strong inhibition. (+)- and (-)-alpha-pinene and (+)-3-carene were potent inhibitors of AChE. 3.1.1 and 2.2.1 bicyclic alcohols and ketones showed weak inhibition. 3.1.1 and 4.1.0 bicyclic hydrocarbons with allylic methyl group were found to be uncompetitive inhibitors. 相似文献
22.
Sawamura M Wu Y Fujiwara C Urushibata M 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(10):4281-4287
The inhibitory effect of yuzu (Citrus junos Tanaka) essential oil on the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in the presence of vegetables (31 species) or saliva was investigated by HPLC. Most vegetable extracts enhanced the formation of NDMA. However, the formation ratio of NDMA in vegetable extracts was decreased by yuzu oil in the range of 59 to 22%. In the presence of yuzu oil and saliva, its ratio ranged between 62 and 24%. These results indicated that yuzu oil inhibited the formation of NDMA even in vegetables and saliva. The contents of ascorbic acid, nitrate, and nitrite in the 31 vegetable species were 0.3-65 mg/100 g, 3-581 mg/100 g, and 10-750 microg/100 g, respectively. Ascorbic acid and nitrite had little effect on the inhibition or formation of NDMA at their intact levels. Nitrate accelerated the formation of NDMA, and the addition of saliva further enhanced it. The mechanism of inhibition of NDMA formation by alpha-terpinene was studied. It was assumed from the results of LC-MS that a new compound formed by the reaction of alpha-terpinene with nitrite would be a derivative of alpha-terpinene with dinitroso groups. The molecular weight of this compound was 194. It is suggested that terpene hydrocarbons in citrus essential oils would contribute to the decrease of NDMA formation. 相似文献
23.
Sogo Nishio Toshiya YamamotoShingo Terakami Yutaka SawamuraNorio Takada Chikako NishitaniToshihiro Saito 《Scientia Horticulturae》2011
A total of 366 novel simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed in Japanese chestnut (Castanea crenata), comprising 220 genomic SSRs derived from enriched genomic libraries and 146 expressed sequence tag (EST)–SSRs obtained from large-scale EST sequencing analysis. Thirty accessions, comprising Japanese, Chinese (C. mollissima), European (Castanea sativa), and American chestnuts (Castanea dentata), were used for evaluation of SSR polymorphism and transferability across species. The EST–SSRs showed less polymorphism than the genomic SSRs and were more transferable. The mean observed heterozygosity (HO) and the mean expected heterozygosity (HE) of genomic SSRs in the Japanese chestnuts were 0.63 and 0.68, respectively; those of EST-SSRs were each 0.47. Although about 80% of the genomic SSRs were amplified in all 4 species, more than 95% of the EST–SSRs were transferable across all 4 species. The many novel SSRs developed in this study will be applicable for the construction of genetic linkage maps, QTL analysis of phenotypic traits, high-throughput genotyping of marker-assisted selection, and association genetics. 相似文献
24.
Masako Seki Makiko Chono Hitoshi Matsunaka Masaya Fujita Shunsuke Oda Katashi Kubo Chikako Kiribuchi-Otobe Hisayo Kojima Hidetaka Nishida Kenji Kato 《Breeding Science》2011,61(4):405-412
The genotypes of photoperiod response genes Ppd-B1 and Ppd-D1 in Japanese wheat cultivars were determined by a PCR-based method, and heading times were compared among genotypes. Most of the Japanese wheat cultivars, except those from the Hokkaido region, carried the photoperiod-insensitive allele Ppd-D1a, and heading was accelerated 10.3 days compared with the Ppd-D1b genotype. Early cultivars with Ppd-D1a may have been selected to avoid damage from preharvest rain. In the Hokkaido region, Ppd-D1a frequency was lower and heading date was late regardless of Ppd-D1 genotype, suggesting another genetic mechanism for late heading in Hokkaido cultivars. In this study, only 11 cultivars proved to carry Ppd-B1a, and all of them carried another photoperiod-insensitive allele, Ppd-D1a. The Ppd-B1a/Ppd-D1a genotype headed 6.7 days earlier than the Ppd-B1b/Ppd-D1a genotype, indicating a significant effect of Ppd-B1a in the genetic background with Ppd-D1a. Early-maturity breeding in Japan is believed to be accelerated by the introduction of the Ppd-B1a allele into medium-heading cultivars carrying Ppd-D1a. Pedigree analysis showed that Ppd-B1a in three extra-early commercial cultivars was inherited from ‘Shiroboro 21’ by early-heading Chugoku lines bred at the Chugoku Agriculture Experimental Station. 相似文献
25.
Ho Ando Chikako Mihara Ken-ichi Kakuda Genshichi Wada 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(3):531-538
High rice (Oryza sativa L.) yields are closely related to plant absorption of a large amount of nitrogen (N). However, there is little information on the fate of N applied at the middle growth stages of rice. Labeled 15N ammonium sulfate was applied at the panicle formation stage in Experiment I, and 10 d after heading in Experiment II. Zeolite was also added at the concentration of 0, 0.01, and 0.1 kg kg-1 to increase the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil. The amount of 15N fertilizer in the soil surface water decreased exponentially and the fertilizer disappeared within 2 d after application. The soil that received zeolite at 0.1 kg kg-1 exhibited significantly less 15NH4 +-N in the surface water and in the soil solution than the soil without the zeolite amendment. A significantly larger amount of exchangeable 15NH4 +-N was observed in the high zeolite-treatment of soil compared to the low zeolite-treatment of soil. The amount of exchangeable 15NH4 +-N increased initially, and thereafter decreased to traces 4 d after application in Experiment I, while 6 or 9 d after application in Experiment II. The disappearance of exchangeable 15NH4 +-N could be attributed mainly to the uptake by plants. The zeolite amendment or the time of N application did not significantly affect the amount of immobilized N. The rate of N adsorption was inhibited with increasing zeolite application. Moreover, zeolite application did not increase the recovery percentage of ammonium sulfate by rice plants. The total recovery of applied N ranged from 65 to 75%, irrespective of the zeolite treatments or the time of N application. 相似文献
26.
A thermophilic nitrifying bacterium, strain T3, was isolated from compost made of animal waste by using a novel selective medium. Strain T3 was classified into the genus Bacillus, close to Bacillus halodurans, but identified as a novel species. To evaluate the effect of adding strain T3 on ammonia emission during the process of composting animal waste, laboratory scale composting was done. Ammonia emission was lower when strain T3 was added than in the control material to which strain T3 was not added. Thermophilic nitrifying bacteria in the strain T3-containing material increased from 6.24 (log value) to 7.55 (log value) on average during the tests. These results suggested the possibility of reducing ammonia emission from composting of animal waste by adding strain T3. 相似文献
27.
Decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) sensitivity and metabolic detoxification mediated by glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) were examined for their involvement in resistance to acephate in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. The resistant strain showed 47.5-fold higher acephate resistance than the susceptible strain had. However, the resistant strain was only 2.3-fold more resistant to prothiofos than the susceptible strain. The resistant strain included insects having the A298S and G324A mutations in AChE1, which are reportedly involved in prothiofos resistance in P. xylostella, showing reduced AChE sensitivity to inhibition by methamidophos, suggesting that decreased AChE1 sensitivity is one factor conferring acephate resistance. However, allele frequencies at both mutation sites in the resistant strain were low (only 26%). These results suggest that other factors such as GSTs are involved in acephate resistance. Expression of GST genes available in P. xylostella to date was examined using the resistant and susceptible strains, revealing no significant correlation between the expression and resistance levels. 相似文献
28.
Toshiya Yamamoto Shingo Terakami Norio Takada Sogo Nishio Noriyuki Onoue Chikako Nishitani Miyuki Kunihisa Eiichi Inoue Hiroyoshi Iwata Takeshi Hayashi Akihiro Itai Toshihiro Saito 《Breeding Science》2014,64(4):351-361
Using an F1 population from a cross between Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) cultivars ‘Akiakari’ and ‘Taihaku’, we performed quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of seven fruit traits (harvest time, fruit skin color, flesh firmness, fruit weight, acid content, total soluble solids content, and preharvest fruit drop). The constructed simple sequence repeat-based genetic linkage map of ‘Akiakari’ consisted of 208 loci and spanned 799 cM; that of ‘Taihaku’ consisted of 275 loci and spanned 1039 cM. Out of significant QTLs, two QTLs for harvest time, one for fruit skin color, and one for flesh firmness were stably detected in two successive years. The QTLs for harvest time were located at the bottom of linkage group (LG) Tai3 (nearest marker: BGA35) and at the top of LG Tai15 (nearest markers: PPACS2 and MEST050), in good accordance with results of genome-wide association study. The PPACS2 gene, a member of the ACC synthase gene family, may control harvest time, preharvest fruit drop, and fruit storage potential. One major QTL associated with fruit skin color was identified at the top of LG 8. QTLs identified in this study would be useful for marker-assisted selection in Japanese pear breeding programs. 相似文献
29.
Sugiyama H Takahashi MN Terada H Kuwahara C Maeda C Anzai Y Kato F 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(20):9641-9646
The characteristics of Cs accumulation and localization in edible mushrooms were examined using the mycelia of Pleurotus ostreatus-Y1. Scanning electron microscope images revealed the existence of white spots, and energy dispersive X-ray microanalyzer analysis indicated the presence of larger amounts of Cs and P in these spots in mycelia cultured on medium containing 25 mM CsCl. The (137)Cs activities in the mycelia were approximately 4-6 times higher than those in water used for (137)Cs elution. Higher Cs concentrations in the sediment fraction including vacuolar pellets were obtained compared to the upper fractions. It was observed that yellowish spots caused by the fluorescence of 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)-stained polyphosphate were localized in the mycelia. The higher fluorescence intensity of the yellowish-grained spots was measured in comparison with other regions in the mycelium. These results suggested that Cs in the mycelia was trapped by polyphosphate in vacuoles or other organelles. 相似文献
30.
Kenji Nashima Shingo Terakami Sogo Nishio Miyuki Kunihisa Chikako Nishitani Toshihiro Saito Toshiya Yamamoto 《Breeding Science》2015,65(3):208-215
Gametophytic self-incompatibility in Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) is controlled by the single, multi-allelic S-locus. Information about the S-genotypes is important for breeding and the selection of pollen donors for fruit production. Rapid and reliable S-genotype identification system is necessary for efficient breeding of new cultivars in Japanese pear. We designed S allele-specific PCR primer pairs for ten previously reported S-RNase alleles (S1–S9 and Sk) as simple and reliable method. Specific nucleotide sequences were chosen to design the primers to amplify fragments of only the corresponding S alleles. The developed primer pairs were evaluated by using homozygous S-genotypes (S1/S1–S9/S9 and S4sm/S4sm) and 14 major Japanese pear cultivars, and found that S allele-specific primer pairs can identify S-genotypes effectively. The S allele-specific primer pairs developed in this study will be useful for efficient S-genotyping and for marker-assisted selection in Japanese pear breeding programs. 相似文献