Lessons from the cat: development of vaccines against lentiviruses     

Dunham SP 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2006,112(1-2):67-77

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a natural infection of domestic cats, which produces a disease with many similarities to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in man. The virus is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in pet cats worldwide. As such an effective vaccine is desirable both for its use in veterinary medicine and also as a model for the development of an HIV vaccine. A large number of candidate vaccines have been tested against feline immunodeficiency virus. These include inactivated virus and infected cell vaccines, DNA and viral vectored vaccines, subunit and peptide vaccines and vaccines using bacterial vectors. Ultimately, the development of inactivated virus and infected cell vaccines led to the release of the first licensed vaccine against FIV, in 2002. This review highlights some of the difficulties associated with the development of lentiviral vaccines and some of the lessons that have been learned in the FIV model that are of particular relevance to the development of HIV vaccines.  相似文献   

Comparison of two methods for determination of total solids content of milk: collaborative study     

J L Clark  D M Barbano  C E Dunham 《Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists》1989,72(5):712-718

Ten laboratories analyzed 9 pairs of blind duplicate raw milk samples for total solids. A direct forced air oven method (4 h at 100 degrees C) and a modification of the AOAC predry method (16.032) were used. Preliminary evaluation of the modified AOAC method indicated that blank determinations were necessary. Total solids content ranged from 12.0 to 14.6%. Average repeatability standard deviations (Sr) of the direct forced air oven and modified AOAC methods were 0.019 and 0.017, respectively. Average reproducibility standard deviations (SR) of the direct forced air oven and the modified AOAC methods were 0.042 and 0.047, respectively. Average repeatability relative standard deviations (RSDr) for the direct forced air oven and the modified AOAC methods were 0.149 and 0.136%, respectively; average reproducibility relative standard deviations (RSDR) were 0.327 and 0.370%, respectively. Mean repeatability values (r) and reproducibility values (R) were 0.054 and 0.118 for the direct forced air oven method and 0.049 and 0.133 for the modified AOAC method, respectively. The mean test result of the direct forced air oven method (12.7293%) was comparable to that for the modified AOAC method (12.7273%). The modification of AOAC method 16.032 and the direct forced air oven method have been approved interim official first action.  相似文献   

Observations of a probable change in the solar radius between 1715 and 1979     

Dunham DW  Sofia S  Fiala AD  Herald D  Muller PM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1980,210(4475):1243-1245

Solar eclipses were observed from locations near both edges of the paths of totality in England in 1715, in Australia in 1976, and in North America in 1979. Analysis of these observations shows that the solar radius has contracted by 0.34 +/- 0.2 arc second in 264 years.  相似文献   

PERMANENT MOUNTS OF VIRUS-INFECTED CHORIOALLANTOIC MEMBRANES     

Dunham WB 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1941,94(2431):120

IN Table 2 of the article "Prevention of Tumor Growth (Carcinoma 2163) by Intravenous Injections of Yeast and Vitamins" (SCIENCE, July 18, 1941) the per cent. figures for non-takes should read: Yeast+ Riboflavin 62%, Yeast 21%, Riboflavin 14%, Yeast+ Thiamin 18%, Thiamin 3%.  相似文献   

AN EGG INOCULATOR AND SHELL MEMBRANE TEASER FOR VIRUS CULTURE     

Dunham WB 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1942,95(2476):609-610

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The Effect of Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone Analog Regime and Stage of Oocyte Maturity for Induced Ovulation of Channel Catfish,Ictalurus punctatus     

Nagaraj G. Chatakondi  D. Roger Yant  Anang Kristanto  Gloria M. Umali‐Maceina  Rex A. Dunham 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2011,42(6):845-853

This study addresses rapid methods to identify mature channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, females for induced spawning with luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analog (LHRHa) and common carp pituitary extract (CPE) and the effects of stage of maturity, hormone dose, season, and cannulation before hormone injection. Hormonal intervention is the most effective method for inducing maturation and spawning in channel catfish × blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus, hybrids. A total of 80 mature channel catfish were staged for maturity based on secondary sexual characteristics and 20–30 oocytes cannulated to ascertain their maturation stage based on the position of gonadal vesicle. Twenty females were randomly assigned to one of the four hormone regimes (priming + resolving dose): CPE 2 + 8 mg/kg (CPEC); LHRHa 20 + 40 µg/kg (LHRHaL); LHRHa 20 + 60 µg/kg (LHRHaM); and LHRHa 20 + 80 µg/kg (LHRHaH) and a fifth treatment consisted of 20 females selected based on apparent maturity as evidenced by external appearance were injected with CPE, 2 + 8 mg/kg without cannulation (CPEO). Two trials were conducted in early part of the spawning season and two trials in peak season. External methods to identify maturity correlated (r = 0.63) with that of “germinal vesicle position” method to identify the stage of maturity in females. Mean percent of females that ovulated, hatched, and fry produced per kg body weight did not differ (P > 0.05) among the five hormone treatments. The mean percent females that ovulated was higher (P < 0.05) for CPE‐induced females that were identified as “excellent” females based on external examination. The performance of cannulated females did not differ (P > 0.05) with that of non‐cannulated catfish. The mean egg quality of hormone‐induced females and percent of females ovulated in response to hormone treatment established a weak but significant linear relationship (Y = 3.85 + 0.008 × ovulation, r² = 0.39, P < 0.05).  相似文献   

Metapopulations and salmonids: a synthesis of life history patterns and empirical observations   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

B. E. Rieman  J. B. Dunham 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2000,9(1-2):51-64

Abstract – Metapopulation theory has attracted considerable interest with reference to the salmonids. There has been little empirical evidence, however, to guide the evaluation or application of metapopulation concepts. From knowledge of salmonid life histories and our own work with bull trout ( Salvelinus confluentus ), Lahontan cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi ) and westslope cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi ), we suggest that simple generalizations of salmonid metapopulations are inappropriate. Although spatial structuring and dispersal mechanisms are evident, the relevance of extinction and colonization processes are likely to vary with life history, species, scale, and landscape. Understanding dispersal, the role of suitable but unoccupied habitats, and the potential for extinction debts in non-equilibrium metapopulations are key issues. With regard to conservation of salmonids, we suggest that efforts to understand and conserve key processes likely to influence the persistence of populations or metapopulations will be more successful than efforts to design minimal habitat reserves based on metapopulation theory. ^NOTE  相似文献   

Mineralogical and petrological investigations of lunar samples     

Bailey JC  Champness PE  Dunham AC  Esson J  Fyfe WS  Mackenzie WS  Stumpfl EF  Zussman J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1970,167(3918):592-594

Fragments of igneous rocks and breccias, and one coarse-grained rock with thin sections, have been studied. Minerals found include pyroxene, plagioclase, olivine, ilmenite, troilite, ulv?spinel, native iron, cristobalite, tridymite, alkali feldspar, apatite, and quartz. Textures are described and interpreted. Among features revealed by optical, microprobe, x-ray diffraction, and electron microscope methods are extreme zoning and unmixing in pyroxene grains, compositional variations in ilmenites, and effects of shock metamorphism. Some trace elements were determined by x-ray fluorescence analysis.  相似文献   

Repeated assessments in purpose-bred dogs: A cautionary tale     

Karen L. Overall  Donna J. Dyer  Arthur E. Dunham  Soraya Juarbe-Diaz 《Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research》2009,4(6):250-251

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Transgenic fish resistant to infectious diseases, their risk and prevention of escape into the environment and future candidate genes for disease transgene manipulation     

Dunham RA 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》2009,32(2):139-161

Transgenic fish have been produced that have improved growth, disease resistance, survival in cold and body composition, have altered color, that can act as bioindicators for estrogenic pollutants and that can produce pharmaceutical proteins. The largest amount of transgenic research has focused on growth hormone transfer. A relatively small amount of research has focused on enhancing disease resistance, but significant enhancement has been accomplished. Pleiotropic effects from the transfer of other transgenes, particularly growth hormone gene can alter disease resistance in both positive and negative ways. Most negative effects for all transgenes appear to lower fitness traits, which is positive for biological containment. Transgenic fish appear to pose little environmental risk, but this research is not fully conclusive. To expedite commercialization and minimize environmental risk, transgenic sterilization research is underway. A large amount of functional genomics research has resulted in a much better understanding of gene expression when fish are experiencing disease epizootics. This information may allow the future design of more effective transgenic approaches to address disease resistance.  相似文献