A methodological approach to estimate the geogenic contribution in soils potentially polluted by trace elements. Application to a case study     

Emilio Galán  Isabel González  Antonio Romero  Patricia Aparicio 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2014,14(4):810-818

Purpose

The determination of the contribution of background values in a potentially polluted soil is very important in defining the contamination extension, in particular in areas of geological complexity and long-term economic development, where mining and industry have been traditional activities and soils are showing both geogenic and anthropogenic contributions. Some approaches have been proposed for the estimation of the anthropogenic input vs. the background; in this paper we present a more robust approach.

Materials and methods

The proposed methodological approach includes the following steps. The first step consists of the comparison among the trace element contents in potentially polluted soils (PPS) and the reference and threshold values calculated both for the same geotectonic unit. A second stage is the calculation of the reference and threshold values for the surrounding area (LTV), natural setting, of the PPS with similar lithological characteristics. The final step is based on the analysis of the results by comparison of the PPS with LTV. On the other hand, the definition of a new pollution factor allows to grade the pollution and to classify the pollution importance.

Results and discussion

The protocol proposed was applied to PPS from a potentially polluted area of SW Spain. The anthropogenic vs. geogenic anomalies and the pollution grade of the three PPS were assessed, which is important to establish the priority to further actions. In addition, this study makes clear that the use of the enrichment factors to estimate the pollution of soils is not advisable. On the other hand, in this study, new areas close to the PPS were defined as potentially polluted because of the high trace element concentration.

Conclusions

The methodological approach proposed can be considered as a good indicator for evaluating the geogenic vs. anthropogenic contribution in polluted soils and for classifying the pollution importance in a more robust way than the use of other previous indexes. The proposal methodology could be used also by the administration to detect other PPS in a study area, which a priori were not considered as contaminated.  相似文献   

Mitochondrial biogenesis in mammals: the role of endogenous nitric oxide     

Nisoli E  Clementi E  Paolucci C  Cozzi V  Tonello C  Sciorati C  Bracale R  Valerio A  Francolini M  Moncada S  Carruba MO 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,299(5608):896-899

Nitric oxide was found to trigger mitochondrial biogenesis in cells as diverse as brown adipocytes and 3T3-L1, U937, and HeLa cells. This effect of nitric oxide was dependent on guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) and was mediated by the induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1alpha, a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. Moreover, the mitochondrial biogenesis induced by exposure to cold was markedly reduced in brown adipose tissue of endothelial nitric oxide synthase null-mutant (eNOS-/-) mice, which had a reduced metabolic rate and accelerated weight gain as compared to wild-type mice. Thus, a nitric oxide-cGMP-dependent pathway controls mitochondrial biogenesis and body energy balance.  相似文献   

AIDS/HIV. Developing an AIDS vaccine: need, uncertainty, hope     

Emini EA  Koff WC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,304(5679):1913-1914

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Pharmacokinetics after intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration of moxifloxacin in sheep     

Cárceles CM  Escudero E  Fernández-Varón E  Marín P 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2009,180(3):343-347

The disposition kinetics of moxifloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, after intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC) administration was determined in sheep at a single dose of 5 mg/kg. The concentration-time data were analysed by compartmental (after IV dose) and non-compartmental (after IV, IM and SC administration) pharmacokinetic methods. Plasma concentrations of moxifloxacin were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Steady-state volume of distribution (V_ss) and clearance (Cl) of moxifloxacin after IV administration were 2.03 ± 0.36 L/kg and 0.39 ± 0.04 L/h kg, respectively. Following IM and SC administration, moxifloxacin achieved maximum plasma concentration of 1.66 ± 0.62 mg/L and 0.90 ± 0.19 mg/L at 2.25 ± 0.88 h and 3.25 ± 1.17 h, respectively. The absolute bioavailabilities after IM and SC routes were 96.12 ± 32.70% and 102.20 ± 23.76%, respectively. From these data (kinetic parameters and absence of adverse reactions) moxifloxacin may be a potentially useful antibiotic in sheep.  相似文献   

Understanding Diet Selection in Temperate Biodiverse Pasture Systems     

Juan J. Villalba  Kathy J. Soder  Emilio A. Laca 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2009,62(5):387-388

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Metastatic intraocular chondrosarcoma in a dog     

Emilio F. Rodrigues Jr  Alexandre P. Ribeiro  Eduardo Perlmann†  Dennis E. Brooks‡  José Luiz Laus 《Veterinary ophthalmology》2009,12(4):254-258

Chondrosarcoma accounts for about 10% of all canine bone tumors and is the second most common primary bone tumor in dogs. In veterinary medicine, chondrosarcomas are classified as skeletal and extraskeletal. Extraskeletal chondrosarcomas are mesenchymal neoplasms of soft tissues and visceral organs that produce neoplastic chondrocytes in a fibrillary matrix. There is no involvement of bone or periosteal tissues in extraskeletal chondrosarcomas. The aim of this report is to describe the first case of a metastatic intraocular extraskeletal chondrosarcoma in a dog.  相似文献   

Efficiency of DNA typing methods for detection of smoked paprika "pimenton de la vera" adulteration used in the elaboration of dry-cured Iberian pork sausages     

Hernández A  Aranda E  Martín A  Benito MJ  Bartolomé T  de Gúa Córdoba M 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2010,58(22):11688-11694

The purpose of this work was to develop a PCR method for the identification of smoked paprika "Pimento?n de la Vera" adulteration with paprika elaborated from varieties of pepper foreign to the la Vera region, in central western Spain. Three autochthonous varieties of pepper, Jaranda, Jariza, and Bola, and the varieties Papri Queen, Papri King, Sonora, PS9794, and Papri Ace, foreign to the La Vera region, were used in the study. Analyses of the ITS and 5.8S rDNA, RAPD-PCR, SSR, and ISSR were tested. RAPD-PCR, SSR, and ISSR analyses allowed differentiation among the varieties of paprika analyzed. There was no difference in the sequence of ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2. In addition, with the RAPD-PCR primers S13 and S22, two molecular markers were obtained of 641 and 704 bp, respectively, which allowed all of the smoked paprika varieties to be differentiated from paprikas elaborated with the five foreign varieties. These two molecular markers were investigated as a basis for detecting the adulteration of smoked paprika with paprika elaborated from foreign varieties of pepper.  相似文献