Forest villages: an agroforestry approach to rehabilitating forest land degraded by shifting cultivation in Thailand     

S. A. Boonkird  E. C. M. Fernandes  P. K. R. Nair 《Agroforestry Systems》1985,2(2):87-102

The Forest village scheme was introduced by the Forest Industries Organisation (FIO) of Thailand in 1967 as an attempt to stop further spread of the fast increasing shifting cultivation and deforestation in the country. The underlying princple of the scheme is to relate reforestation with social welfare of the people involved. It is essentially a modification of the traditional taungya method of plantation establishment.The salient aspect of the scheme is to induce the shifting cultivators to settle down in villages where each family is given tenure over a plot of land to construct a house and develop a homegarden around it. The farmers are required to help establish and maintain forest plantations, in which they are permitted to raise agricultural crops during the first three years of its establishment. The farmers are also given free medical and educational facilities, and technical advice on crop and livestock husbandry. They can also earn cash rewards for successful plantation establishment.Although the scheme has not achieved its full target in terms of area covered and number of families settled, it is proving to be a successful method of luring people away from destructive shifting cultivation. The approach is applicable to other countries and regions with similar land-use problems and socio-cultural background.The paper also examines the constraints to the effective working of the scheme, provides some simple suggestions for improving its functioning and identies some of the issues that can easily be tackled by research.  相似文献   

Cloning and characterization of gene-resistant analogs (RGAs) involved in rust (Puccinia psidii) resistance in Eucalyptus grandis     

Marcelo Luiz Laia  Acelino Couto Alfenas  Sergio Hermnio Brommonschenkel  Shinitiro Oda  Eduardo Jose de Melo  Inae Marie de Arau jo Silva  Janana Fernandes Goncalves  Ariadne Marques 《林业研究》2015,(3)

Disease-resistant genes play an important role in defending against a variety of pathogens and insect pests in plants. Most of the disease-resistant genes encode pro-teins with conserved leucine rich r...  相似文献   

Litter production and nutrient deposition from native woody species in the Brazilian semi-arid region     

Primo  Anacláudia Alves  Araújo  Maria Diana Melo  Silva  Karla da Fonseca  Silva  Ludmyla Araújo  Pereira  Graziella de Andrade Carvalho  Fernandes  Francisco Éden Paiva  Pompeu  Roberto Cláudio Fernandes Franco  Natale  William  de Souza  Henrique Antunes 《Agroforestry Systems》2021,95(8):1459-1464

Agroforestry Systems - The use of native trees in agroecosystems is a promising way to increase litter deposition and nutrient cycling and foster the recovery of degraded areas, especially in...  相似文献   

Short-wave solar radiation level willingly tolerated by lactating Holstein cows in an equatorial semi-arid environment     

Steffan Edward Octávio Oliveira  Cíntia Carol de Melo Costa  João Batista Freire de Souza Jr  João Paulo Araújo Fernandes de Queiroz  Alex Sandro Campos Maia  Leonardo Lelis de Macedo Costa 《Tropical animal health and production》2014,46(8):1413-1417

The amount of short-wave solar radiation willingly tolerated by lactating Holstein cows on pasture was determined in an equatorial semi-arid environment. The study was carried out on a dairy farm located in Limoeiro do Norte, CE, northeastern Brazil. The observed behaviours were as follows: grazing, under the sun, under the shade, standing, lying, ruminating, idling and wallowing in the water. The behaviours were recorded using instantaneous scan sampling at regular intervals of 15 min from 0600 to 1800 hours over 5 days. On all sampling days, the meteorological variables, including local short-wave solar radiation (R _S-W, W m^?2), were recorded. The R _S-W data were divided into five levels. The sun exposure was more frequent under low (100 %) and moderately low (97 %) levels, when R _S-W remained below 500 W m^?2. The grazing was more intense under low (100 %) and moderately low (93 %) levels. Above 500 W m^?2, the grazing time significantly decreased (11 %). The cows avoided grazing under high (0 %) and very high (0 %) levels, when R _S-W exceeded 700 W m^?2. The ruminating behaviour was more frequent under high (33 %) and very high (37 %) levels, in which the highest averages of R _S-W were recorded (815 and 958 W m^?2, respectively). The standing posture was more frequent under low (100 %) and moderately low (97 %) levels. Therefore, the critical R _S-W level that motivates cows to stop grazing and seek shade was in the interval between 500 and 700 W m^?2.  相似文献   

First report of Porcine teschovirus (PTV), Porcine sapelovirus (PSV) and Enterovirus G (EV-G) in pig herds of Brazil     

Daiane Güllich Donin  Raquel de Arruda Leme  Alice Fernandes Alfieri  Geraldo Camilo Alberton  Amauri Alcindo Alfieri 《Tropical animal health and production》2014,46(3):523-528

Porcine teschovirus (PTV), Porcine sapelovirus (PSV) and Enterovirus G (EV-G) have been associated with enteric, respiratory, reproductive and neurological disorders. Although Brazil is the world’s fourth largest producer and exporter of pork, no information on the occurrence of PTV, PSV and EV-G infections is available for Brazilian pig herds. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Porcine enteric picornavirus infections in pig farms located in three distinct geographical regions of Brazil. Forty randomly selected diarrhoeic and normal consistency faeces of suckling (n?=?22) and nursery (n?=?18) pigs from farms located in 21 distinct cities of the Southern, Southeast, and Midwest regions of Brazil were evaluated by nested-RT-PCR assays. Suckling piglets presented the expected amplicon size for PTV (158 bp) and EV-G (313 bp) in single and mixed infections in 40.9 % (9/22) of the faecal samples. PSV amplicon (212 bp) was not detected in this age group. For nursery pigs, Porcine enteric picornaviruses amplicons were present in 77.8 % (14/18) of the faecal samples. PTV and EV-G were detected in single and mixed infections, while PSV was detected only in two samples in co-infection with PTV and EV-G in this age group. The Brazilian regions evaluated presented at least two of the tested viruses. Sequencing analysis revealed high similarities to the related viruses (95.3 to 99.2 % for PTV, 94.2 to 98.5 % for PSV and 86 to 100 % for EV-G). For the first time PTV, PSV and EV-G have been molecularly detected and characterised in pig faecal samples in Brazil.  相似文献   

Identification and quantification of benzimidazole resistance polymorphisms in Haemonchus contortus isolated in Northeastern Brazil     

Jessica Maria Leite dos Santos  Jomar Patrício Monteiro  Wesley Lyeverton Correia Ribeiro  Iara Tersia Freitas Macedo  Ana Lourdes Fernandes Camurça-Vasconcelos  Luiz da Silva Vieira  Claudia Maria Leal Bevilaqua 《Veterinary parasitology》2014,199(3-4):160-164

Haemonchus contortus is the most prevalent nematode in Brazil. The objective of this study was to select 6 populations of H. contortus of known or suspected benzimidazole resistance status and characterize these using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) F200Y, F167Y and E198A in the β-tubulin isotype 1 gene. qPCR was performed using DNA from a pool of 10 adult male H. contortus from a single animal per farm. Faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and egg hatch test (EHT) were used to determine the resistance status. Samples were obtained from 6 farms located in 5 counties in the Ceará State: Tauá, Boa Viagem, Quixadá, Santa Quitéria and Solonópole. The inbred-susceptible-Edinburgh (ISE) isolate was used as reference for comparative purposes in the qPCR. Benzimidazole resistance was detected by FECRT on all farms with efficacy values ranging from 0 to 51%. EC50 values as determined by EHT were all above 1.49 μg/ml. High frequencies of the resistant SNPs F200Y and F167Y alleles were detected but no resistance was detected at SNP E198A. Our results suggest that the SNPs F167Y and F200Y are both important for benzimidazole resistance in the studied populations.  相似文献   

Strangulation of the small intestine by an anomalous congenital band in a yearling     

A. C. O. Dearo  G. de Moraes Marcondes  J. C. O. Araújo  C. E. S. Grumadas  P. C. Marino  W. T. Teixeira  G. de La Penha Chiacchio Fernandes 《Equine Veterinary Education》2014,26(12):640-644

Strangulating obstruction of the small intestine by anomalous mesenteric bands is an uncommon cause of colic in horses. The most commonly reported bands are mesodiverticular bands that are embryological remnants of the vitelline arteries. Despite the congenital nature of the anomaly, a wide age range of horses can be affected. This report describes a case of small intestinal strangulating obstruction caused by an unusual, anomalous congenital band attached to the ileocaecal fold in a yearling colt. Information including case background, history, clinical, laboratory, surgical and pathological findings is described.  相似文献   

Hydrology-oriented (adaptive) silviculture in a semiarid pine plantation: How much can be modified the water cycle through forest management?     

Antonio D. del Campo  Tarcísio J. G. Fernandes  Antonio J. Molina 《European Journal of Forest Research》2014,133(5):879-894

Hydrology-oriented silviculture might adapt Mediterranean forests to climatic changes, although its implementation demands a better understanding and quantification on the water fluxes. The influence of thinning intensity (high, medium, low and a control) and its effect on the mid-term (thinned plots in 1998 and 2008) on the water cycle (transpiration, soil water and interception) and growth [basal area increment (BAI)] were investigated in 55-year-old Aleppo pine trees. Thinning enhanced a lower dependence of growth on climate fluctuations. The high-intensity treatment showed significant increases in the mean annual BAI (from 4.1 to 17.3 cm²) that was maintained in the mid-term. Thinning intensity progressively increased the sap flow velocity (v _s) in all cases with respect to the control. In the mid-term, an increased functionality of the inner sapwood was also observed. Mean daily tree water use ranged from 5 (control) to 18 (high intensity) l tree^?1. However, when expressed on an area basis, daily transpiration ranged from 0.18 (medium) to 0.30 mm (control), meaning that in spite of the higher transpiration rates in the remaining trees, stand transpiration was reduced with thinning. Deep infiltration of water was also enhanced with thinning (about 30 % of rainfall) and did not compete with transpiration, as both presented opposite seasonal patterns. The changes in the stand water relationships after 10 years were well explained by the forest cover metric. The blue to green water ratio changed from 0.15 in the control to 0.72 in the high-intensity treatment, with the remaining treatments in the 0.34–0.48 range.  相似文献   

Dissolved nutrient release from solid wastes of southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii, Castelnau) aquaculture     

Milena Fernandes  Michael Angove  Talya Sedawie  & Anthony Cheshire 《Aquaculture Research》2007,38(4):388-397

Finfish pens are point sources of dissolved nutrients released from fish metabolism or degradation of solid wastes. Nutrients leaching from uneaten feed and faeces are not usually quantified in mass budgets for these systems, leading to an overestimation of fish retention or deposition to the seabed. In this study, we investigated nutrient leaching from pellets and baitfish feed as well as faeces of southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) into seawater. Faeces were nitrogen depleted (51–54 mg N g⁻¹ dw) and phosphorus enriched (62–72 mg P g⁻¹ dw) compared with feeds (83–111 mg N g⁻¹ dw and 17–21 mg P g⁻¹ dw). Less phosphorus was available for leaching from pellets and faeces of pellet‐fed tuna (5–6%) than from baitfish and faeces of baitfish‐fed tuna (17–21%). The proportion of soluble nitrogen in pellets (15%) was also lower than in baitfish and faeces (35–43%). Leaching loads for a feed conversion ratio of 5 were estimated as 22 and 26 kg N tonne⁻¹ growth when baitfish or pellets were used as feed respectively. Phosphorus loads were estimated as 15 and 4 kg P tonne⁻¹ growth respectively. More than 90% of nitrogen loads, and approximately 50% of phosphorus, are likely to be released into seawater before solid wastes reach the seafloor.  相似文献   

Environmental impacts of aquaculture (Sheffield Biological Sciences,Volume 5), by Black K.D. 2001, 219 pp. Sheffield Academic Press,Sheffield, UK,ISBN 1–84127–041–5.     

Teresa Fernandes 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2003,13(1):91-92

  相似文献