Coherent two-dimensional nanoscopy     

Aeschlimann M  Brixner T  Fischer A  Kramer C  Melchior P  Pfeiffer W  Schneider C  Strüber C  Tuchscherer P  Voronine DV 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,333(6050):1723-1726

We introduce a spectroscopic method that determines nonlinear quantum mechanical response functions beyond the optical diffraction limit and allows direct imaging of nanoscale coherence. In established coherent two-dimensional (2D) spectroscopy, four-wave-mixing responses are measured using three ingoing waves and one outgoing wave; thus, the method is diffraction-limited in spatial resolution. In coherent 2D nanoscopy, we use four ingoing waves and detect the final state via photoemission electron microscopy, which has 50-nanometer spatial resolution. We recorded local nanospectra from a corrugated silver surface and observed subwavelength 2D line shape variations. Plasmonic phase coherence of localized excitations persisted for about 100 femtoseconds and exhibited coherent beats. The observations are best explained by a model in which coupled oscillators lead to Fano-like resonances in the hybridized dark- and bright-mode response.  相似文献   

Differences between tight and loose cultures: a 33-nation study     

Gelfand MJ  Raver JL  Nishii L  Leslie LM  Lun J  Lim BC  Duan L  Almaliach A  Ang S  Arnadottir J  Aycan Z  Boehnke K  Boski P  Cabecinhas R  Chan D  Chhokar J  D'Amato A  Ferrer M  Fischlmayr IC  Fischer R  Fülöp M  Georgas J  Kashima ES  Kashima Y  Kim K  Lempereur A  Marquez P  Othman R  Overlaet B  Panagiotopoulou P  Peltzer K  Perez-Florizno LR  Ponomarenko L  Realo A  Schei V  Schmitt M  Smith PB  Soomro N  Szabo E  Taveesin N  Toyama M  Van de Vliert E  Vohra N  Ward C  Yamaguchi S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,332(6033):1100-1104

With data from 33 nations, we illustrate the differences between cultures that are tight (have many strong norms and a low tolerance of deviant behavior) versus loose (have weak social norms and a high tolerance of deviant behavior). Tightness-looseness is part of a complex, loosely integrated multilevel system that comprises distal ecological and historical threats (e.g., high population density, resource scarcity, a history of territorial conflict, and disease and environmental threats), broad versus narrow socialization in societal institutions (e.g., autocracy, media regulations), the strength of everyday recurring situations, and micro-level psychological affordances (e.g., prevention self-guides, high regulatory strength, need for structure). This research advances knowledge that can foster cross-cultural understanding in a world of increasing global interdependence and has implications for modeling cultural change.  相似文献   

ON THE PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF EMULSIONS AND ITS BEARING UPON PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS     

Fischer MH  Hooker MO 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1916,43(1109):468-472

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Kumada,K.: Chemistry of Soil Organic Matter. Band 17 der Reihe Developments in Soil Science. Elsevier/Japan Scientific Societies Press,Amsterdam 1987. 260 Seiten,gebunden US$ 85.25, ISBN 0–444–98936–6     

W. R. Fischer 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1988,151(6):407-407

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Frissel,M.J., und Reiniger,P.: Simulation of accumulation and leaching in soils. Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation,Wageningen 1974. 124 Seiten,paperback. Dfl. 17,50     

W. R. Fischer 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1976,139(3):399-399

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Phosphatformen in Unterwasserböden Ca-reicher Fließgewässer     

G. Baumann  W. R. Fischer 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1978,141(4):419-427

Forms of phosphates in underwater soils of Ca-rich running waters Underwater soils of small carbonaceous rivers in Upper Bavaria have phosphorus contents between 300 ppm in oligotrophic creeks and more than 0.2% in heavily polluted waters. The (Al,Fe)-P and the Ca-P occupied 20–35% and 28–38% of total phosphorus (P_t) resp., so that inorganic phosphates represent 53 to 64% of P_t. The correlation between P_t and carbonate is negative, but is positive between P_t and oxalate Fe or organic substance. Addition of P results in a relative increase of (Al,Fe)-P compared with other forms. Approximately 7 to 15% of total P is subject to isotopic exchange with ³²P.  相似文献   

Texture of cooked potatoes (Solanum tuberosum). 1. Relationships between dry matter content,sensory-perceived texture,and near-infrared spectroscopy     

Van Dijk C  Fischer M  Holm J  Beekhuizen JG  Stolle-Smits T  Boeriu C 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(18):5082-5088

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Loub,W.: Umweltverschmutzung und Umweltschutz in naturwissenschaftlicher Sicht. Verlag Franz Deuticke,Wien 1975. XVI, 324 Seiten,kartoniert DM 59,—     

W. R. Fischer 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1976,139(5):647-647

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Makrosymptome an Mais und Tomate bei unharmonischen N- und P-Angeboten     

Gisela Fischer 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1982,145(4):347-355

Microsymptoms in maize and tomatoes resulting from imbalanced nitrogen and phosphorus supply The inducing factors of visible symptoms are not easy to identify in cases of ?complex”? symptoms. ?Complex”? symptoms originate from simultaneous multiple nutrient deficiencies, nutrient deficiency and excess, or multiple nutrient toxicities. Microsymptoms are well known for nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency supply as well as for nitrogen excess supply. The aim of the present paper was to study whether these microsymptoms can be helpful in diagnosing visible symptoms which are difficult to identify in cases of ?complex”? symptoms. The experiments were carried out with maize and tomatoes under controlled experimental conditions in solution culture. Microsymptoms which occur in response to nitrogen or phosphorus stress – deficiency or excess – occur in the same way in plants that are suffering from imbalanced nitrogen and phosphorus supply. In cases of multiple toxicities further microsymptoms occurred. These symptoms mainly depended on the nutrient concentration in the solution.  相似文献   

PH-Verteilung und Pufferung von Böden     

U. Schwertmann  W. R. Fischer 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1982,145(2):221-223

PH-distribution and buffering of soils A frequency distribution of the pH values of 927 soils clearly reflects the three soil buffer ranges (carbonate, pH-dependent charge and aluminium release) by higher frequencies within these ranges and lower frequencies between them.  相似文献