Recent rapid changes in the spatio‐temporal distribution of West Nile Neuro‐invasive Disease in Italy     

Giovenale Moirano  Lorenzo Richiardi  Mattia Calzolari  Franco Merletti  Milena Maule 《Zoonoses and public health》2020,67(1):54-61

In Italy, the first human case of West Nile Virus (WNV) infection was reported in 2008 and, since then, the number of cases has been steadily increasing. In this study, we describe the temporal and spatial pattern of WNV infection risk among humans in Italy, focusing on the human cases of West Nile Neuro‐invasive Disease (WNND) observed between 2008 and 2017. Incidence rates are estimated for each year and province under study. The incidence temporal trend is estimated using Poisson regression, and a spatio‐temporal cluster detection analysis is performed to detect high‐risk areas. In total, 231 WNND cases were notified in Italy between 2008 and 2017. The annual incidence rates increased during the study period (annual percentage change: 11.7%; 95%CI: ?0.9%; 26.1%). A geographical spread of the disease was observed during the study period throughout Northern Italy, with an increasing number of affected provinces. Provinces close to the Po River (the main river in the north of Italy) and the Oristano province (in the Sardinia Island) experienced the highest incidence rates during the study period. Our study shows a gradual, but rapid spread of WNND across Northern Italy from east to west and suggests the hypothesis that provinces close to Po River might present ecological and climatic conditions favourable to the virus circulation.  相似文献   

Genetic variability following selection for scrapie resistance in six autochthonous sheep breeds in the province of Bolzano (northern Italy)     

Fulvio Bordin  Chiara Dalvit  Mauro Caldon  Laura Zulian  Rosa Colamonico  Simone Trincanato  Barbara Mock  Stefano Reale  Franco Mutinelli  Anna Granato 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2020,137(4):395-406

Scrapie is an ovine transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, and its susceptibility is associated with polymorphisms in the prion protein gene (PRNP). Genetic selection is currently the most effective mean for eradication of the susceptible VRQ allele in favour of resistant ARR allele. Maintenance of genetic diversity should be one of the major objectives in breeding programmes, especially in endangered breeds, and genetic information are an excellent alternative to pedigree data where these information are missing. The aim of our study was to determine changes of genetic variability in six native sheep breeds from autonomous province of Bolzano, northern Italy, following simulation of scrapie selection scenarios. A total of 684 rams were investigated for PRNP polymorphisms and for 10 microsatellite loci to estimate genetic variability. Across all loci, a total of 163 alleles were detected with a mean of 10.4 alleles per locus. Average observed (Ho) and unbiased expected (uHe) heterozygosity overall loci were 0.74 and 0.78, respectively, showing a statistically significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in all breeds. This heterozygosity deficit was confirmed by a positive fixation index (Fis), determining a moderate inbreeding in each breed. Simulating a soft selection, where only rams having at least a VRQ allele should be excluded from reproduction, Ho, uHe and Fis values remained almost unchanged, indicating that genetic variability should not be affected by the removal of these individuals. With a mild selection scenario, considering only rams with at least one ARR allele, we observed a decrease in the mean alleles per breed (8.9) and the maintenance of heterozygosity deficiency, except for two breeds, where it was any longer significant. These results showed that selection strategies allowing use of heterozygous as well homozygous ARR rams might be the right compromise to improve resistance to scrapie and to do not dramatically affect genetic variability of these breeds.  相似文献   

Structural and ultrastructural characteristics of the tongue of the Collared Peccary (Pecari tajacu,Linnaeus, 1758)     

Gabriela Klein Barbosa  Carolina dos Santos Jacob  Jurandyr Pimentel Neto  Moacir Franco de Oliveira  Rose Eli Grassi Rici  Ii-Sei Watanabe  Adriano Polican Ciena 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2020,49(4):532-540

  相似文献   

Effect of seed phosphorus concentration on nodulation and growth of three common bean cultivars     

Marcelo Grandi Teixeira  José Guilherme Marinho Guerra  Dejair Lopes de Almeida  Adelson Paulo Araújo  Avilio Antonio Franco 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(10):1599-1611

Abstract

An experiment was conducted in the greenhouse to evaluate the effects of seed phosphorus (P) concentration on growth, nodulation, and nitrogen (N) and P accumulation of three common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars. Seeds were produced under low or high soil P levels, and soaked, or not, in 200 mM KH₂PO₄ solution. The experiment had a 3×3×2×2 factorial block design: three cultivars (ICA Col 10103, Carioca and Honduras 35), three levels of applied P (15, 30 and 45 mg P kg^?1 soil), two native seed P concentrations, and two seed soaking treatments. Plants were harvested at flowering. Soaked seeds increased the number, dry mass and P content of nodules, but did not affect plant growth. Plants originated from seeds with high native P concentration presented higher shoot dry mass and nodule number and mass at every soil P level, and were less responsive to increased soil P supply, than plants from low seed P. In plants from seeds with high P, soil P levels did not alter significantly root dry mass, while in plants from seeds with low P bean cultivars expressed wider differences in root dry mass. The genotypic variability of nodulation was influenced by soil P levels and seed P concentration. Both higher soil or seed P supply enhanced N and P accumulation in shoots. These results indicate that a high seed P concentration produces plants less dependent on soil P supply, and can enhance nodulation and N₂ fixation of common bean. Seed P supply affected the cultivar performance, and should be considered in evaluation of bean genotypes.  相似文献   

Biochar as a strategy to manage plant diseases caused by pathogens inhabiting the soil: a critical review     

de Medeiros  Erika Valente  Lima  Neyla Thayná  de Sousa Lima  José Romualdo  Pinto  Kedma Maria Silva  da Costa  Diogo Paes  Franco Junior  Cícero Luiz  Souza  Rodolfo Marcondes Silva  Hammecker  Claude 《Phytoparasitica》2021,49(4):713-726

Phytoparasitica - The current agricultural scenario faces a range of challenges, with phytosanitary ones being paramount. In most cases, plant diseases are treated with chemicals; however, they...  相似文献   

Zinc phosphate protects tomato plants against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato     

Quaglia  Mara  Bocchini  Marika  Orfei  Benedetta  D’Amato  Roberto  Famiani  Franco  Moretti  Chiaraluce  Buonaurio  Roberto 《植物病害和植物保护杂志》2021,128(4):989-998

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - The purpose of this study was to determine whether zinc phosphate treatments of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) can attenuate bacterial speck...  相似文献   

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay     

M. I. Siri  P. Villanueva  M. J. Pianzzola  L. Franco Fraguas  G. Galván  M. Acosta  F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.  相似文献   

Effect of quercetin and umbelliferone on the transcript level of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Penicillium expansum</Emphasis> genes involved in patulin biosynthesis     

Simona M. Sanzani  Leonardo Schena  Franco Nigro  Annalisa De Girolamo  Antonio Ippolito 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2009,125(2):223-233

  相似文献   

Temporal dynamics of stem expansion and contraction in savanna trees: withdrawal and recharge of stored water     

Scholz FC  Bucci SJ  Goldstein G  Meinzer FC  Franco AC  Miralles-Wilhelm F 《Tree physiology》2008,28(3):469-480

Relationships between diel changes in stem expansion and contraction and discharge and refilling of stem water storage tissues were studied in six dominant Neotropical savanna (cerrado) tree species from central Brazil. Two stem tissues were studied, the active xylem or sapwood and the living tissues located between the cambium and the cork, made up predominantly of parenchyma cells (outer parenchyma). Outer parenchyma and sapwood density ranged from 320 to 410 kg m(-3) and from 420 to 620 kg m(-3), respectively, depending on the species. The denser sapwood tissues exhibited smaller relative changes in cross-sectional area per unit change in water potential compared with the outer parenchyma. Despite undergoing smaller relative changes in cross-sectional area, the sapwood released about 3.5 times as much stored water for a given change in area as the outer parenchyma. Cross-sectional area decreased earlier in the morning in the outer parenchyma than in the sapwood with lag times up to 30 min for most species. The relatively small lag time between dimensional changes of the two tissues suggested that they were hydraulically well connected. The initial morning increase in basal sap flow lagged about 10 to 130 min behind that of branch sap flow. Species-specific lag times between morning declines in branch and main stem cross-sectional area were a function of relative stem water storage capacity, which ranged from 16 to 31% of total diurnal water loss. Reliance on stored water to temporarily replace transpirational losses is one of the homeostatic mechanisms that constrain the magnitude of leaf water deficits in cerrado trees.  相似文献   

Variability of trace metal concentrations in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) tree rings from the Tahoe Basin, California, USA     

Peter Kirchner  Franco Biondi  Ross Edwards  Joseph R. McConnell 《Journal of Forest Research》2008,13(6):347-356

Trace metal accumulation in tree rings of Jeffrey pines (Pinus jeffreyi) from the Lake Tahoe basin (Sierra Nevada, CA, USA) was determined using high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP–MS). The objectives of this study were (1) to establish baseline values for aluminium (Al), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), strontium (Sr), cadmium (Cd), barium (Ba), and lead (Pb); (2) to investigate the intra-tree and inter-tree variability of these trace metals, and (3) to assess differences in metal concentrations related to automobile traffic. Two field collection sites were selected with similar ecologic attributes, one proximal to a heavily traveled highway, and the other isolated from any local source of auto emissions. At each site two trees with similar features were selected, and two increment cores collected from each tree. Cores were cross-dated, cleaned of contamination, dissected into 5-year increments, ashed, and acid digested, before analysis by HR-ICP–MS. Time series spanning 191–326 years were developed for the 12 trace metals. Variability was high within and between trees, most likely because of physiologic mechanisms for element sequestration and allocation. The best intra-tree correlation was found for Ba, Sr, Mn, and Co; of these elements, Co showed an overall increase over time, whereas Sr and Ba displayed an opposite trend, and Mn fluctuated over time. Mean Co concentration at the near-highway site was higher, whereas mean Sr, Ba, and Mn concentrations were lower, than at the control site.  相似文献