Atomic-scale visualization of inertial dynamics     

Lindenberg AM  Larsson J  Sokolowski-Tinten K  Gaffney KJ  Blome C  Synnergren O  Sheppard J  Caleman C  Macphee AG  Weinstein D  Lowney DP  Allison TK  Matthews T  Falcone RW  Cavalieri AL  Fritz DM  Lee SH  Bucksbaum PH  Reis DA  Rudati J  Fuoss PH  Kao CC  Siddons DP  Pahl R  Als-Nielsen J  Duesterer S  Ischebeck R  Schlarb H  Schulte-Schrepping H  Tschentscher T  Schneider J  von der Linde D  Hignette O  Sette F  Chapman HN  Lee RW  Hansen TN  Techert S  Wark JS  Bergh M  Huldt G  van der Spoel D  Timneanu N  Hajdu J  Akre RA  Bong E 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,308(5720):392-395

The motion of atoms on interatomic potential energy surfaces is fundamental to the dynamics of liquids and solids. An accelerator-based source of femtosecond x-ray pulses allowed us to follow directly atomic displacements on an optically modified energy landscape, leading eventually to the transition from crystalline solid to disordered liquid. We show that, to first order in time, the dynamics are inertial, and we place constraints on the shape and curvature of the transition-state potential energy surface. Our measurements point toward analogies between this nonequilibrium phase transition and the short-time dynamics intrinsic to equilibrium liquids.  相似文献   

Energetic particles at venus: galileo results     

Williams DJ  McEntire RW  Krimigis SM  Roelof EC  Jaskulek S  Tossman B  Wilken B  Stüdemann W  Armstrong TP  Fritz TA  Lanzerotti LJ  Roederer JG 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1991,253(5027):1525-1528

At Venus the Energetic Particles Detector (EPD) on the Galileo spacecraft measured the differential energy spectra and angular distributions of ions >22 kiloelectron volts (keV) and electrons > 15 keV in energy. The only time particles were observed by EPD was in a series of episodic events [0546 to 0638 universal time (UT)] near closest approach (0559:03 UT). Angular distributions were highly anisotropic, ordered by the magnetic field, and showed ions arriving from the hemisphere containing Venus and its bow shock. The spectra showed a power law form with intensities observed into the 120- to 280-keV range. Comparisons with model bow shock calculations show that these energetic ions are associated with the venusian foreshock-bow shock region. Shock-drift acceleration in the venusian bow shock seems the most likely process responsible for the observed ions.  相似文献   

Tiros Reveals Cloud Formations     

Wexler H  Fritz S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1960,131(3415):1708-1710

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Subject Area ´Sediments´: The Subject Editors and Advisors: Challenges and relevant literature in JSS and ESPR (the presentation of the Editors is not complete yet and will be continued)     

Fritz Frimmel  Jan Schwarzbauer  Marc Babut  Henner Hollert  Philip Owens  Kay Hamer 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2007,7(1):2-8

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The role of “effective microorganisms” in the composting of banana (Musa ssp.) residues     

Beate Formowitz  Fritz Elango  Shuichi Okumoto  Torsten Müller  Andreas Buerkert 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2007,170(5):649-656

“Effective microorganisms” (EM) are a poorly defined mixture of supposedly beneficial microorganisms that are claimed to enhance microbial turnover in compost and soil. In Costa Rica, EM are used to produce organic compost (bokashi) from banana residues (Musa ssp.). Given the scarcity of scientific data about the effects of EM on the mineralization of plant residues, this study aimed at investigating the effects of EM addition on the decomposition of banana residues during Bokashi production. To this end, the following non‐EM treatments were compared to EM Bokashi: Bokashi produced with water (W), with molasses (M) as an EM additive, and with sterilized EM (EMst). Subsequently, the effects of the resulting Bokashi treatments on the growth of young banana plants were evaluated. Compared with non‐EM controls, the effect of EM on the mineralization of banana material was negligible. Dry‐matter losses of the composts with different EM treatments were similar, with about 78% over 5 weeks. Ergosterol concentration was highest in EM Bokashi (77 µg (g dry soil)^–1) and lowest in EMst Bokashi (29 µg (g dry soil)^–1). Microbial biomass carbon (C_mic) and microbial biomass nitrogen (N_mic) were both lowest in EM (C_mic = 3121 µg g^–1; N_mic = 449 µg g^–1), while C_mic was highest in Bokashi produced with molasses (3892 µg g^–1) and N_mic was highest in EMst (615 µg g^–1). Treatment effects on adenylate concentrations and adenylate energy charge were negligible. Application of all Bokashi variants to young banana plants significantly increased shoot growth under greenhouse conditions compared to plants grown in a control soil without amendments. However, these effects were similar for all Bokashi treatments, even if EM Bokashi increased the K concentrations in banana leaves significantly compared to Bokashi produced with EMst and the control. Bokashi produced with only molasses and EM Bokashi decreased the number of root nematodes under greenhouse conditions compared to the control. Overall, the results confirmed the expected influence of composting on the degradation of organic material and the effect of compost application on plant growth. Hower, under the conditions of this study, EM showed no special effects in this, except for increasing the K concentrations in the leaves of young banana plants.  相似文献   

Hydrochemical budgets of a small forested granitic catchment exposed to acid deposition: The strengbach catchment case study (Vosges massif,France)     

A. Probst  D. Viville  B. Fritz  B. Ambroise  E. Dambrine 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1992,62(3-4):337-347

Hydrochemical budgets have been obtained for the 3-yr period 1986–89 at Strengbach, a small granitic basin in the Vosges mountains (north-eastern France). Here, the spruce forest shows both yellowing and crown thinning, symptoms of forest decline. Water amount and surface water chemistry were monitored in each ecosystem compartment. Bulk precipitation is acidic. Some pollution episodes occur in winter and early spring, but the annual bulk deposition acidity is rather low. Throughfall however, is much more concentrated, particularly for H⁺ and associated strong acid anions. These inputs come as occult deposits which comprise major ecosystem inputs, as confirmed by the chloride balance for the catchment. Input-output budgets for the catchment indicate a net deficit of base cations, especially calcium. Sulfate also shows a net loss while N budget is well balanced. As the soil exchange capacity is nearly exhausted for base cations, and dominated by H⁺ and Al, the neutralization of incident acid inputs occurs mainly in the weathered bedrock. Silicate weathering processes lead to high losses of cations and of silica. Aluminium hydroxide is precipitated; however, bicarbonate remains very low indicating poorly-buffered surface water.  相似文献   

Biological availability in animals of iron from common dietary sources   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

J C Fritz  G W Pla  T Roberts  J W Boehne  E L Hove 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》1970,18(4):647-651

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Heterotic effects of wheat-rye chromosomal translocations on agronomic traits of hybrid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under an adequate moisture regime     

J.O. Owuoche  R.G. Sears  G.L. Brown-Guedira  B.S. Gill  A.K. Fritz 《Euphytica》2003,132(1):67-77

Translocated chromosomes T1BL⋅1RS and T1AL⋅1RS have been widely used in many wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding programs to develop high yielding cultivars. The objective of this study was to evaluate the heterotic effects of T1BL⋅1RS + T1AL⋅1RS, T1BL⋅1RS, and T1AL⋅1RS on yield and yield components of hybrid wheat grown under adequate moisture regimes. Thirteen hybrid wheats and seven parents with different chromosome constitutions relative to T1AL⋅1RS and T1BL⋅1RS were evaluated in a randomized complete block design. Variable performance was observed among the hybrids tested. Two of the three hybrids with T1BL⋅1RS + T1AL⋅1RS, produced 25.26% and 44.64% more grain than the hybrids with only T1BL⋅1RS. This was due to increased biomass, harvest index (HI) and spike density. However, the combination of these two translocations resulted in reduced kernels/spike, spikelets/spike and spike length compared to the T1BL⋅1R Stranslocation alone. When comparing closely related parents, the parent with T1AL⋅1RS produced 23.51% more grain yield than the non-translocated parent. The presence of T1AL⋅1RS resulted in 10.37% heterotic advantage for yield due to increased biomass, KW, and spike density. When the two wheat-rye translocated chromosomes are present in the same hybrid, T1AL⋅1RS seems to have a positive effect on yield through spike density and HI, but masks the effects of T1BL⋅1RS for some agronomic traits. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Author index     

Dominique Crouzillat  Wilbert Phillips  Paul J. Fritz  Vincent Pétiard 《Euphytica》2000,114(3):247-245

Volume Contents

Author index  相似文献   

Immunolabelling of Atrazine Residues in Soil     

Alexander Hahn  Fritz Frimmel  Albert Haisch  Günter Henkelmann  Bertold Hock 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1992,155(3):203-208

An immunolabelling procedure was developed to detect bound pesticide residues in soil using atrazine as an example. Polyclonal antibodies directed against atrazine were raised in rabbits. Antigen-binding fragments (F_ab) were prepared and coupled to the fluorescent stain Rose Bengal B. The dye conjugate produced a fluorescence signal which was related to the amount of atrazine found in native soil samples. Preincubation with unlabelled immunoglobulines (IgG) from preimmune sera proved to be essential for blocking unspecific binding of the antibodies which varied greatly between different samples of soil material. Labelled antibodies, whose specific binding sites had been blocked by free atrazine, were used as controls. Strong unspecific labelling, which also could be suppressed with IgG from preimmune sera, was observed in a soil under a barn. Changes due to the permanent dryness and the lack of aeration are discussed as possible causes.  相似文献