Assessment of Water Quality in Association with Land use in the Tillamook Bay Watershed, Oregon, USA     

Timothy J. Sullivan  Kai U. Snyder  Erin Gilbert  Joseph M. Bischoff  Mark Wustenberg  James Moore  Deian Moore 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2005,161(1-4):3-23

The water quality in tributaries to Tillamook Bay, Oregon, frequently exceeds standards for fecal coliform bacteria (FCB) and temperature. FCB inputs to the bay have forced periodic closure of the oyster shellfish industry. In addition, impaired water quality may be contributing to reduced salmonid populations in the bay and its tributaries through reduction in the quality of the habitat. Because of these concerns, the Tillamook Bay National Estuary Project (TBNEP) conducted several characterization studies and a long-term water quality monitoring program for the tributary rivers. This paper summarizes data collected to date within these efforts, including storm-based data on FCB and total suspended solids (TSS), and bimonthly data on nutrient concentrations in selected rivers. Monitoring data from 1996 to 2002 are summarized. Results for FCB and TSS are reported by storm, which are classified according to season and precipitation patterns in order to minimize intra-annual variability. There are not indications of large changes in water quality throughout the period of record, but it is too early in the program for trends analysis. Storms that exhibited the highest FCB concentrations tended to be those that occurred during fall and/or those that were preceded by relatively dry conditions and included high rainfall intensity. Implementation of storm-based monitoring and classification of storms according to season effectively reduces the large variability inherent in the FCB monitoring data, thereby facilitating future trends analysis. Continued storm-based monitoring of FCB and TSS, and also continued collection of rainfall and river discharge data, will provide the database that will be needed to determine to what extent on-the-ground remediation actions and best management practices (BMPs) within the Tillamook Basin are having their desired effects.  相似文献   

Comparative study of methods for DNA preparation from olive oil samples to identify cultivar SSR alleles in commercial oil samples: possible forensic applications     

Breton C  Claux D  Metton I  Skorski G  Bervillé A 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(3):531-537

Virgin olive oil is made from diverse cultivars either mixed or single. Those ensure different tastes and typicity, and these may be also enhanced by the region of production of cultivars. The different olive oil labels correspond to their chemical composition and acidity. Labels also may correspond to a protected origin indication, and thus, such oils contain a given composition in cultivars. To verify the main cultivars used at the source of an olive oil sample, our method is based on DNA technology. DNA is present in all olive oil samples and even in refined oil, but the quantity may depend on the oil processing technology and oil conservation conditions. Thus, several supports were used to retain DNA checking different techniques (silica extraction, hydroxyapatite, magnetic beads, and spun column) to prepare DNA from variable amounts of oil. At this stage, it was usable for amplification through PCR technology and especially with the magnetic beads, and further purification processes were checked. Finally, the final method used magnetic beads. DNA is released from beads in a buffer. Once purified, we showed that it did not contain compounds inhibiting PCR amplification using SSR primers. Aliquot dilution fractions of this solution were successfully routinely used through PCR with different SSR primer sets. This enables confident detection of eventual alien alleles in oil samples. First applied to virgin oil samples of known composition, either single cultivars or mixtures of them, the method was verified working on commercial virgin oil samples using bottles bought in supermarkets. Last, we defined a protocol starting from 2 x 40 mL virgin olive oil, and DNA was prepared routinely in about 5 h. It was convenient to genotype together several loci per sample to check whether alleles were in accordance with those of expected cultivars. Thus, forensic applications of our method are expected. However, the method needs further improvement to work on all oil samples.  相似文献   

Antibacterial action of combinations of oxytetracycline, dimethyl sulfoxide, and EDTA-tromethamine on Proteus, Salmonella, and Aeromonas     

R E Wooley  J P Gilbert  E B Shotts 《American journal of veterinary research》1982,43(1):130-133

Antibacterial effects against Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhimurium, and Aeromonas hydrophila were obtained with subminimal inhibitory concentrations of oxytetracycline and EDTA-tromethamine. Antibacterial effects were not observed with subminimal inhibitory concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide plus oxytetracycline or with dimethyl sulfoxide plus EDTA-tromethamine. Using a 2-dimensional Microtiter checkerboard technique, inhibitory activities of the various combinations of solutions were studied, and isobolograms were plotted. A synergistic effect was seen with combinations of oxytetracycline and EDTA-tromethamine. The greatest synergistic effect was observed when the mixture was caused to react with P mirabilis. These findings were confirmed by kinetic studies of microbial death, using one-fourth minimal inhibitory concentrations of these preparations.  相似文献   

Regulation of net intestinal calcium uptake in hens laying obligatory soft-shelled eggs     

D Waddington  J Peddie  W A Dewar  A B Gilbert 《British poultry science》1989,30(2):341-351

1. Individually caged laying hens had a loop of thread inserted into the shell gland. This resulted in the laying of soft shelled eggs. 2. A balance study was performed for a one week period before and after the operation. After the operation birds with threads consumed less calcium than before. Their requirements for calcium for eggshells decreased, resulting in increases in both calcium excreted and calcium retained. 3. Net calcium extraction in the digestive tract was measured in groups of birds with threads and intact controls, when shelling or not, by examining ratios of Ca to TiO2 in different gut segments. Observations were made during the period following premature oviposition in birds with threads, but within the normal shelling period of control birds. The period of study was at least two weeks after the operation. 4. Birds with threads absorbed less calcium than control birds up to the upper jejunum. 5. Control birds secreted calcium between the upper jejunum and colon, but birds with threads showed little change in absorption in this part of the digestive tract. 6. The increase in calcium absorption in intact birds was a response to the stimulus of shelling an egg or replacing calcium in medullary bone during a pause day, rather than of ovulation.  相似文献   

Efficacy and Toxicity of Tocainide for the Treatment of Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias in Doberman Pinschers With Occult Cardiomyopathy     

Clay A. Calvert  Cynthia W. Pickus  Gilbert J. Jacobs 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》1996,10(4):235-240

Tocainide was administered to 23 cardiomyopathic Doberman Pinschers at doses of 15 to 25 mg/kg tid. These doses produced peak (2–hour) serum concentrations of 6.2 to 19.1 mg/L and trough (8–hour) serum concentrations of 2.3 to 11.1 mg/L. Anorexia and gastrointestinal disturbances occurred in 8 dogs (35%) at doses (15.6 to 25.0 mg/kg) that were not different from those (16.0 to 26.0 mg/kg) received by dogs that did not experience toxicity. Doses producing peak serum concentrations that were either greater or less than 14 mg/L were not different. Likewise, doses producing trough values that were either greater or less than 6 mg/L were not different. The mean dose that produced peak serum concentrations of 10 to 13.6 mg/L and trough concentrations of 4.2 to 10.0 mg/L was 17.9 mg/kg, and was associated with anorexia in 4 dogs. Mean peak serum concentrations associated with toxicity (14.4 mg/L) were significantly higher ( P = .02) than dogs not experiencing toxicity (11.8 mg/L). Serious adverse effects occurred in 7 of 12 dogs (58%) receiving tocainide for longer than 4 consecutive months. Progressive corneal endothelial dystrophy occurred in 3 dogs. Although a causal effect could not be proven, 6 dogs experienced renal dysfunction during treatment. Drug doses in these 7 dogs were similar to those received by other dogs. At least a 70% reduction of the total numbers of ventricular premature contractions occurred in 80% of dogs treated, and ventricular tachycardia was eliminated in 90% of affected dogs by the time of the first post-treatment Holter recording. Long-term control of ventricular tachyarrhythmias was difficult to achieve in some dogs when the left ventricular shortening fraction was less than approximately 17%. J Vet Intern Med 1996;10:235–240. Copyright © 1996 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine .  相似文献   

Ovarian follicular structure of White Leghorns fed ad libitum and dwarf and normal broiler breeders fed ad libitum or restricted until point of lay   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

P M Hocking  A B Gilbert  M Walker  D Waddington 《British poultry science》1987,28(3):493-506

1. Yellow follicle numbers when the first egg was laid were 6.3, 9.0 and 12.4 for ad libitum reared Leghorns, sex-linked Dwarf (AL Dwarf) and Normal broiler breeders respectively. Multiple ovulation resulted in low egg production and a high proportion of defective egg shells in AL Dwarf and Normal broiler breeders during early lay. 2. Restricting the growth of broiler breeders during rearing by restricting food intake (R Dwarfs) reduced the number of yellow follicles to 6.8 and increased the rate of lay. 3. Atretic yellow follicles were common among broiler breeders but not in Leghorns or R Dwarfs when the first egg was laid. 4. Poor egg production in older broiler breeders was caused by birds with few or no developing yellow follicles, atresia in yellow follicles and the continued occurrence of multiple ovulations. 5. There was no relationship between the number of yellow follicles and the number of white follicles less than 5 mm diameter but atresia in white follicles 2 to less than 5 mm was negatively related to the number of yellow follicles. 7. No relationship was observed between abdominal fat weight and yellow follicle number, though birds which ate more had more yellow follicles. 8.The sex-linked dwarfing gene dw was associated with increased atresia among the white follicles and low numbers of yellow follicles compared with the Normal DW broiler breeder genotype.  相似文献   

A reassessment of certain factors which affect egg production in the domestic fowl     

A B Gilbert 《World's poultry science journal》1969,25(3):239-258

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The Student Progress Committee: a proactive approach to academic excellence in an age of accountability     

Burns GA  Hines SA  Wardrop KJ 《Journal of veterinary medical education》2005,32(2):219-222

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Frequency of urinary tract infection among dogs with pruritic disorders receiving long-term glucocorticoid treatment     

Torres SM  Diaz SF  Nogueira SA  Jessen C  Polzin DJ  Gilbert SM  Horne KL 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2005,227(2):239-243

OBJECTIVE: To determine frequency of urinary tract infection (UTI) among dogs with pruritic disorders that were or were not receiving long-term glucocorticoid treatment. DESIGN: Observational study. ANIMALS: 127 dogs receiving glucocorticoids for > 6 months and 94 dogs not receiving glucocorticoids. PROCEDURE: Bacterial culture of urine samples was performed in dogs receiving long-term glucocorticoid treatment, and information was collected on drug administered, dosage, frequency of administration, duration of glucocorticoid treatment, and clinical signs of UTI. For dogs not receiving glucocorticoids, a single urine sample was submitted for bacterial culture. RESULTS: Multiple (2 to 6) urine samples were submitted for 70 of the 127 (55%) dogs receiving glucocorticoids; thus, 240 urine samples were analyzed. For 23 of the 127 (18.1%) dogs, results of bacterial culture were positive at least once, but none of the dogs had clinical signs of UTI. Pyuria and bacteriuria (present vs absent) were found to correctly predict results of bacterial culture for 89.9% and 95.8% of the samples, respectively. Type of glycocorticoid, dosage, frequency of administration, and duration of treatment were not associated with frequency of UTI. None of the urine samples from dogs not receiving glucocorticoids yielded bacterial growth. The frequency of UTI was significantly higher for dogs treated with glucocorticoids than for dogs that had not received glucocorticoids. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that dogs receiving long-term glucocorticoid treatment have an increased risk of developing a UTI. On this basis, we recommend that urine samples be submitted for bacterial culture at least yearly for such dogs.  相似文献   

In vitro cytopathic effects of a cysteine protease of Tritrichomonas foetus on cultured bovine uterine epithelial cells     

Singh BN  Hayes GR  Lucas JJ  Beach DH  Gilbert RO 《American journal of veterinary research》2005,66(7):1181-1186

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cytopathic effects of Tritrichomonas foetus and a purified cysteine protease (ie, CP30) of T foetus on cultured bovine uterine epithelial cells (BUECs) in vitro. SAMPLE POPULATION: 10 reproductive tracts were obtained from late-term bovine fetuses at a commercial abattoir. PROCEDURE: An in vitro culture system of BUECs was developed to study the cytopathic effects of T foetus and purified CP30 of T foetus on host cells. Cytotoxicity of T foetus or CP30 on exposed BUECs was determined. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry analyses were used to detect apoptosis. A fluorometric assay was used to detect BUEC caspase 3 activation. The CP inhibitor E-64 and a caspase inhibitor were used to inhibit apoptosis. RESULTS: Cytopathic effects were observed in BUECs treated with parasites or CP30 and were concentration and time dependent. The BUECs underwent apoptosis in the presence of parasites or CP30. The specific CP inhibitor E-64 abolished the induction of apoptosis in BUECs by CP30. The caspase inhibitor reduced the amount of apoptosis in BUECs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: T foetus and its CP30 induce apoptosis in cultured BUECs in vitro. Induction of apoptosis by CP30 is correlated with protease activity. Endometrial cell death as a result of a T foetus infection is likely to be more important in mediating infertility than a direct effect on the conceptus. Provoking an apoptotic reaction in the host may mitigate an inflammatory reaction or immune response and therefore favor survival of the parasite in a chronic infection.  相似文献